APRA Music Awards of 2020

The APRA Music Awards of 2020 are the 38th annual series, known as APRA Awards, in 2020. They are provided by the Australasian Performing Right Association and the Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society, known jointly as APRA AMCOS. In mid-February the associations announced that the Overseas Recognition Award would be replaced by Global APRA Music Awards with separate ceremonies at three locations: Los Angeles (26 February 2020), Nashville (1 March) and London (6 March).[1]

APRA Music Awards of 2020
Date	2 May 2020 (2020-05-02)
Location	Virtual event: numerous venues
Most nominations	Tones and I (4)
Website	apraamcos.com.au/awards/

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 APRA Music Awards were not held in the usual live format. The event had been due to take place on 28 April at the International Convention Centre in Sydney, instead they were streamed online for the first time as a virtual event on 25 May with Indigenous rapper, Briggs as host.[2][3] The format featured presenters, winners and performances of the Song of the Year finalists.[4]

The nominees for the 2020 APRA Music Awards were announced on 7 April.[5][6] On 14 May winners for Most Performed International Work and Licensee of the Year were announced.[7] The full list of winners was provided to media outlets on 25 May.[2]

Presenters and performers

Indigenous rapper, Briggs, hosted the virtual APRA Music Awards of 2020 on 25 May.[3] The musical director, Kate Miller-Heidke, curated the performers:[8]

Artist(s)	Song(s)	Ref.
John Butler and Mama Kin	Guy Sebastian's "Choir"	[7][9][10][11]
Kira Puru and Mo'Ju	Thelma Plum's "Better in Blak"
William Crighton	5 Seconds of Summer's "Teeth"
Nikka Costa and Justin Stanley	The Teskey Brothers' "I Get Up"
The Dawn of May	Tones and I's "Dance Monkey"

APRA Music Awards

Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year

Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Ruel van Dijk p.k.a. Ruel	Universal Music Publishing	Nominated	[2][12]
Sampa Tembo p.k.a. Sampa the Great	N/A	Nominated
Thelma Plum	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
Liam Gough, Brendon Love, Josh Teskey and Sam Teskey (The Teskey Brothers)	Mushroom Music o.b.o. Ivy League Music	Nominated
Toni Watson p.k.a. Tones and I	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Tones and I	Won

Licensee of the Year

Venue	Location	Result	Ref.
Meredith Music Festival	Meredith, Victoria	Won	[2][13]

Most Performed Alternate Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"God Forgot" by The Rubens	Scott Baldwin, Elliott Margin, Sam Margin, Zaac Margin, William Zeglis	Mushroom Music o.b.o. Ivy League Music	Nominated	[2][14]
"Good Lord" by Birds of Tokyo	Ian Berney, Ian Kenny, Glenn Sarangapany, Adam Spark, Adam Weston	Mushroom Music o.b.o. Ivy League Music	Nominated
"Miracle Love" by Matt Corby	Matt Corby, Dann Hume	BMG Rights Management / Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
"Radio Silence" by Gretta Ray	Gretta Ray	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
"Waiting" by Kian	Kian Brownfield, Jerome Farah	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. KB Recording / Mushroom Music	Won

Most Performed Australian Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"7 Minutes" by Dean Lewis	Dean Lewis, Nicholas Atkinson, Edward Holloway	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Specific Music	Nominated	[2][15]
"Choir" by Guy Sebastian	Guy Sebastian, Trevor Brown, William Simmons	Universal Music Publishing / Mushroom Music o.b.o. Reservoir	Nominated
"Dance Monkey" by Tones and I	Toni Watson	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Tones and I	Nominated
"Good Lord" by Birds of Tokyo	Ian Berney, Ian Kenny, Glenn Sarangapany, Adam Spark, Adam Weston	Mushroom Music	Nominated
"Waiting" by Kian	Kian Brownfield, Jerome Farah	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. KB Recording / Mushroom Music	Won

Most Performed Australian Work Overseas

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"Cheap Thills" by Sia	Sia Furler, Greg Kurstin	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Won	[2][16]

Most Performed Blues & Roots Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"Blackbird" by Tash Sultana	Tash Sultana	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Tash Sultana	Nominated	[2][17]
"I Get Up" by The Teskey Brothers	Liam Gough / Brendon Love / Josh Teskey / Sam Teskey	Mushroom Music o.b.o. Ivy League Music	Nominated
"Just Call" by John Butler Trio	John Butler	Downtown Music Publishing o.b.o. Family Music	Won
"Laps Around the Sun" by Ziggy Alberts	Ziggy Alberts	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Albert & Co Music	Nominated
"Sound of Summer" by Busby Marou	Thomas Busby / Jeremy Marou / Phil Barton / Lindsay Rimes	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Mushroom Music	Nominated

Most Performed Country Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"Backroad Nation" by Lee Kernaghan	Lee Kernaghan, Phil Barton, Colin Buchanan, Garth Porter, Lindsay Rimes	Universal Music Publishing / Mushroom Music o.b.o. Anthem Entertainment	Nominated	[2][18]
"Girl" by Maren Morris	Sarah Aarons, Greg Kurstin, Maren Morris	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Downtown Music Publishing	Nominated
"Happy" by Travis Collins	Travis Collins, Allison Veltz	ABC Music Publishing / Mushroom Music o.b.o. Big Deal Music	Nominated
"Love That" by Seaforth	Thomas Jordan, Mitchell Thompson, Daniel Ross, Michael Whitworth	ABC Music Publishing / Warner Chappell Music / Universal/MCA Music Publishing	Nominated
"Wouldn't Change a Thing" by Troy Cassar-Daley	Troy Cassar-Daley, Greg Storer	Mushroom Music / ABC Music Publishing	Nominated
"Young Again" by Morgan Evans	Morgan Evans, Chris DeStefano, Joshua Kear	Warner Chappell Music / Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Downtown Music Publishing	Won

Most Performed Dance Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"Better Together" by Hayden James featuring Running Touch	Hayden James, Matthew Kopp, Jack Glass, Cassian Stewart-Kasimba	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Future Classic / BMG Rights Management / Universal Music Publishing	Won	[2][19]
"Solid Gold" by Pnau featuring Kira Divine & Marques Toliver	Nick Littlemore, Sam Littlemore, Peter Mayes, Shakira Marshall, Marques Toliver	Universal Music Publishing	Nominated
"Sugar" by Peking Duk featuring Jack River	Adam Hyde, Reuben Styles, Holly Rankin, Kaelyn Behr, Xavier Dunn, Karsten Dahlgaard, Rene Dif, Claus Norreen, Anders Oeland, Johnny Pedersen, Soren Rasted	Universal Music Publishing / BMG Rights Management / Mushroom Music / Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Warner Chappell Music / Universal/MCA Music Publishing	Nominated
"Take It" by Dom Dolla	Dominic Matheson	Sweat It Out Publishing administered by Kobalt Music Publishing	Nominated
"Treat You Better" by Rüfüs Du Sol	Jonathon George, James Hunt, Tyrone Lindqvist, Jason Evigan, Mark Foster	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Rüfüs Du Sol / BMG Rights Management / Sony/ATV Music	Nominated

Most Performed International Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"Happier" by Marshmello & Bastille	Marshmello, Dan Smith, Steve Mac	Kobalt Music Publishing / Universal Music Publishing	Nominated	[2][20]
"Nothing Breaks Like a Heart" by Mark Ronson featuring Miley Cyrus	Mark Ronson, Miley Cyrus, Thomas Brenneck, Ilsey Juber, Clement Picard, Maxime Picard, Conor Szymanski	Native Tongue Music Publishing / Universal/MCA Music Publishing / BMG Rights Management / Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Mushroom Music o.b.o. Big Deal	Nominated
"Promises" by Calvin Harris & Sam Smith	Calvin Harris, Sam Smith, Jessie Reyez	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / BMG Rights Management	Nominated
"Shallow" by Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper	Stefani Germanotta, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando, Andrew Wyatt	Universal/MCA Music Publishing / Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Native Tongue Music Publishing / Downtown Music Publishing	Won
"Sunflower" by Post Malone & Swae Lee	Post Malone, Swae Lee, Louis Bell, Carter Lang, Carl Rosen, William Walsh	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Universal/MCA Music Publishing / Warner Chappell Music	Nominated

Most Performed Pop Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"7 Minutes" by Dean Lewis	Dean Lewis, Nicholas Atkinson, Edward Holloway	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Specific Music / BMG Rights Management	Won	[2][21]
"All Loved Up" by Amy Shark	Amy Billings, Jack Antonoff	Mushroom Music o.b.o. UNIFIED Music Publishing / Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
"Choir" by Guy Sebastian	Guy Sebastian, Trevor Brown, William Simmons	Universal Music Publishing / Mushroom Music o.b.o. Reservoir	Nominated
"Dance Monkey" by Tones and I	Toni Watson	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Tones And I	Nominated
"Never Really Over" by Katy Perry	Daniel James, Leah Haywood, Hayley Warner, Katy Perry, Gino Barletta, Michelle Buzz, Jason Gill, Dagny Sandvik, Anton Zaslavski	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Warner Chappell Music / Kobalt Music Publishing / Universal/MCA Music Publishing	Nominated

Most Performed Rock Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"Clarity" by Polish Club	David Novak, John-Henry Pajak	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated	[2][22]
"Dinosaurs" by Ruby Fields	Ruby Fields, Chris Collins	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
"Jellyfish" by Slowly Slowly	Ben Stewart	Native Tongue Music Publishing	Nominated
"Shutting Down Our Town" by Jimmy Barnes featuring Troy Cassar-Daley	Troy Cassar-Daley	Mushroom Music	Won
"Otherside" by The Living End	Chris Cheney, Scott Owen, Andy Strachan, Tobias Kuhn	BMG Rights Management / Kobalt Music Publishing	Nominated

Most Performed Urban Work

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"Butter" by Triple One	Conor Grealish, Martin Guilfoyle, William Gunns, Dominic Kim	N/A	Nominated	[2][23]
"Cool as Hell" by Baker Boy	Danzal Baker, Carl Dimataga, Jesse Ferris, Morgan Jones, Brendan Tuckerman, Dallas Woods	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Kobalt Music Publishing	Nominated
"Exit Sign" by Hilltop Hoods featuring Illy & Ecca Vandal	Barry Francis p.k.a. DJ Debris, Matthew Lambert p.k.a. Suffa, Daniel Smith p.k.a. MC Pressure, Alasdair Murray, Sarah Aarons, Andrew Burford	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / BMG Rights Management / Universal Music Publishing	Nominated
"Leave Me Lonely" by Hilltop Hoods	Barry Francis p.k.a. DJ Debris, Matthew Lambert p.k.a. Suffa, Daniel Smith p.k.a. MC Pressure, Leigh Ryan, Richard Berry	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / Native Tongue Music Publishing / Campbell Connelly	Won
"Then What" by Illy	Alasdair Murray/ Tobias Frelin / Elias Naslin	BMG Rights Management / Kobalt Music Publishing	Nominated

Song of the Year

Title and/or artist	Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
"Better in Blak" by Thelma Plum	Thelma Plum, Alexander Burnett, Oliver Horton	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated	[2][24]
"Choir" by Guy Sebastian	Guy Sebastian, Trevor Brown, William Simmons	Universal Music Publishing / Mushroom Music	Nominated
"Dance Monkey" by Tones and I	Toni Watson	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Tones and I	Won
"I Get Up" by The Teskey Brothers	Liam Gough, Brendon Love, Josh Teskey, Sam Teskey	Mushroom Music o.b.o. Ivy League Music	Nominated
"Teeth" by 5 Seconds of Summer	Luke Hemmings, Ashton Irwin, Louis Bell, Ali Tamposi, Ryan Tedder, Andrew Watt, Gillian Gilbert, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris, Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken, Bernard Sumner	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated

Songwriter of the Year

Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Barry Francis p.k.a. DJ Debris, Matthew Lambert p.k.a. Suffa, Daniel Smith p.k.a. MC Pressure	Hilltop Hoods	Won	[2]

Global APRA Music Awards

In mid-February 2020 APRA AMCOS announced that the Overseas Recognition Award from the APRA Music Awards would be replaced by Global APRA Music Awards with separate ceremonies in London, Los Angeles and Nashville . At each location awards were presented for Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year, Distinguished Services, Overseas Recognition Award, and Songwriter of the Year. The London-based awards, "recognise APRA AMCOS members living in the UK and Europe."[25] The Lonodn ceremony was held on 6 March at Ham Yard Hotel, Soho and hosted by Georgia Mooney.[25] The Los Angeles ceremony was held at the GRAMMY Museum, Clive Davis Theatre on 26 February and hosted by Maya Jupiter to "recognise APRA AMCOS members living on the West Coast of the U.S."[26] On 1 March, the Nashville ceremony, to "recognise APRA AMCOS members living on the East Coast of the U.S.", was hosted by O'Shea and held at Clementine Hall.[27]

Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year

London
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Kaity Dunstan p.k.a. Cloves	Universal Music Publishing o.b.o. Canal Music Publishing	Won	[28]
Chiara Hunter	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
Steven Manovski	N/A	Nominated
Noah Hill, Anatole Serret, Louie Swain, Patrick Hetherington, Jules Crommelin of Parcels	Warner Chappell Music o.b.o. Kitsune	Nominated
Los Angeles
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Grace Shaw p.k.a. Mallrat	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Dew Process	Won	[29]
Maaike Lebbing p.k.a. Kito	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
Nicholas Audino, Lewis Hughes, Khaled Rohaim, Te Whiti Warbrick of Twice as Nice	Sony/ATV Music Publishing / BMG Rights Management o.b.o. Orange Factory Repertoire / Universal/MCA Music Publishing o.b.o. Electric Feel Music	Nominated
Ruel Van Dijk p.k.a. Ruel	Universal Music Publishing	Nominated
Nashville
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Mitchell Thompson, Thomas Jordan of Seaforth	Warner Chappell Music	Won	[30]
Paul Mabury	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
Rebecca Chillcott p.k.a. Ruby Boots	ABC Music Publishing	Nominated
Sinead Burgess	N/A	Nominated

Distinguished Services

London
Writer(s)	Result	Ref.
Nick Cave, Warren Ellis	Won	[31]
Los Angeles
Writer(s)	Result	Ref.
Colin Hay	Won	[32]
Nashville
Writer(s)	Result	Ref.
Tommy Emmanuel	Won	[33]

Overseas Recognition

London
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Jed Kurzel	G Schirmer Australia o.b.o. Chester Music	Won	[34]
Jordan Rakei	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
Kaity Dunstan p.k.a. Cloves	Universal Music Publishing o.b.o. Canal Music Publishing	Nominated
Noah Hill, Anatole Serret, Louie Swain, Patrick Hetherington, Jules Crommelin of Parcels	Warner Chappell Music o.b.o. Kitsune	Nominated
Los Angeles
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Joel Little	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Won	[35]
Alex Hope	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
Harley Streten p.k.a. Flume	Kobalt Music Publishing o.b.o. Future Classic	Nominated
Sarah Aarons	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
Nashville
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Rick Price	N/A	Won	[36]
Mia Fieldes	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated
Mitchell Thompson, Thomas Jordan of Seaforth	Warner Chappell Music	Nominated
Paul Mabury	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Nominated

Songwriter of the Year

London
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Jordan Rakei	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Won	[37]
Los Angeles
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Sarah Aarons	Sony/ATV Music Publishing	Won	[38]
Nashville
Writer(s)	Publisher(s)	Result	Ref.
Phil Barton	N/A	Won	[39]

References

1. McDonald, Bella (14 February 2020). "Meet the Overseas Recognition noms for APRA's Global Music Awards". The Industry Observer. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
2. "Full List of Winners". APRA AMCOS. 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
3. Brandle, Lars (30 April 2020). "APRA Music Awards 2020 Announces New Date, Briggs to Host". Billboard. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
4. "APRA Music Awards to Be Virtual in 2020". Noise11. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
5. "Tones and I Leads Nominations for 2020 Virtual APRA Awards". Noise11. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
6. "2020 Awards". APRA. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
7. "Performers for VAPRAs announced". APRA AMCOS. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
8. Cashmere, Paul (30 April 2020). "Briggs to Host Virtual APRA Awards". Noise11.com. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
9. Newstead, Al (26 May 2020). "What went down at Australia's first virtual music awards - Music News". Triple J. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
10. staff writer (26 May 2020). "APRA Music Awards: How to hold a major virtual awards show". MediaWeek. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
11. Cooper, Nathanael (25 May 2020). "Tones and I, Hilltop Hoods dominate 2020 APRA Music Awards". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
12. "Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
13. "Licensee of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
14. "Most Performed Alternative Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
15. "Most Performed Australian Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
16. "Most Performed Australian Work Overseas". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
17. "Most Performed Blues & Roots Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
18. "Most Performed Country Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
19. "Most Performed Dance Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
20. "Most Performed International Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
21. "Most Performed Pop Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
22. "Most Performed Rock Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
23. "Most Performed Urban Work". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
24. "Song of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
25. "London". APRA AMCOS. 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
26. "Los Angeles". APRA AMCOS. 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
27. "Nashville". APRA AMCOS. 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
28. "London: Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
29. "Los Angeles: Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
30. "Nashville: Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
31. "London: Distinguished Services Award". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
32. "Los Angeles: Distinguished Services Award". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
33. "Nashville: Distinguished Services Award". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
34. "London: Overseas Recognition Award". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
35. "Los Angeles: Overseas Recognition Award". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
36. "Nashville: Overseas Recognition Award". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
37. "London: Songwriter of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
38. "Los Angeles: Songwriter of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
39. "Nashville: Songwriter of the Year". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.