760 Massinga

760 Massinga (prov. designation: A913 QD or 1913 SL) is a large background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Franz Kaiser at the Heidelberg Observatory on 28 August 1913.[1] The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.7 hours and is somewhat elongated in shape. It was named in memory of Adam Massinger (1888–1914), a German astronomer at Heidelberg who was killed in World War I.[2]

760 Massinga
Discovery [1]
Discovered byF. Kaiser
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date28 August 1913
Designations
(760) Massinga
Named after
Adam Massinger (1888–1914)
(German astronomer)[2]
A913 QD · 1941 SL2
1913 SL
Orbital characteristics [3]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc106.27 yr (38,816 d)
Aphelion3.8806 AU
Perihelion2.4122 AU
3.1464 AU
Eccentricity0.2333
5.58 yr (2,039 d)
176.77°
0° 10m 35.76s / day
Inclination12.539°
331.55°
200.56°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions80.2 km × 56.2 km[5]
Mean diameter
  • 69.103±7.046 km[7]
  • 70.03±1.25 km[8]
  • 71.29±1.9 km[9]
Mass(1.33±1.32)×1018 kg[10]
10.72±0.03 h[11]
  • 0.2276±0.012[9]
  • 0.237±0.011[8]
  • 0.360±0.322[7]

    Orbit and classification

    Massinga is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.[4][5][6] It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.9 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,039 days; semi-major axis of 3.15 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic.[3]

    Discovery

    Massinga was discovered by Franz Kaiser at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany on 28 August 1913. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The Minor Planet Center, however, only credits Franz Kaiser with the discovery. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 8 November 1914, more than a year after its official discovery observation.[1]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after Adam Massinger (1888–1914), a German astronomer and discoverer of minor planets at Heidelberg who died in the First Battle of Ypres during World War I on 21 October 1914. An obituary was published by Max Wolf in the astronomical journal Astronomische Nachrichten.[13] The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 76).[2]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Tholen classification, Massinga is a common, stony S-type asteroid, though with an unusual spectrum (SU),[3] while in the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomic variants of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), it is an S-type and SL-type, latter which transitions to the uncommon L-type, respectively.[5][12]

    Rotation period

    In December 1999, a rotational lightcurve of Massinga was obtained from photometric observations by Robert A. Koff at his observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.72±0.03 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14±0.02 magnitude (U=3).[11] In March 2006, Laurent Bernasconi and Rui Goncalves determined a similar period of 10.7574±0.0004 hours and an amplitude of 0.12±0.01 magnitude (U=3-).[14]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Massinga measures (69.103±7.046), (70.03±1.25) and (71.29±1.9) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.2276±0.012), (0.237±0.011) and (0.360±0.322), respectively.[7][8][9] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2392 and a diameter of 71.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 7.9.[15]

    On 29 February 2012, an asteroid occultation of Massinga gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of (80.2 km × 56.2 km), with a high quality rating of 3. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star.[5]

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    gollark: What does time-machine do? Tit-for-tat but looking back two moves?
    gollark: If I run them for 100 rounds, then grudger wins substantially.
    gollark: It is -2.
    gollark: Is that a problem?>

    References
    1. "760 Massinga (A913 QD)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(760) Massinga". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 72. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_761. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 760 Massinga (A913 QD)" (2019-12-06 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    4. "Asteroid 760 Massinga – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    5. "Asteroid 760 Massinga". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    6. Zappalà, V.; Bendjoya, Ph.; Cellino, A.; Farinella, P.; Froeschle, C. (1997). "Asteroid Dynamical Families". NASA Planetary Data System: EAR-A-5-DDR-FAMILY-V4.1. Retrieved 2 June 2020. (PDS main page)
    7. Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; Kramer, E. A.; Masiero, J. R.; et al. (June 2016). "NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1.0". NASA Planetary Data System. Bibcode:2016PDSS..247.....M. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    8. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 2 June 2020. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    9. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    10. Carry, B. (December 2012), "Density of asteroids" (PDF), Planetary and Space Science, 73, pp. 98–118, arXiv:1203.4336, Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009 See Table 1.
    11. Koff, R. A. (September 2000). "Rotation Periods and Lightcurves of 536 Merapi and 760 Massinga" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 27 (1): 26–27. Bibcode:2000MPBu...27...26K.
    12. Lazzaro, D.; Angeli, C. A.; Carvano, J. M.; Mothé-Diniz, T.; Duffard, R.; Florczak, M. (November 2004). "S3OS2: the visible spectroscopic survey of 820 asteroids" (PDF). Icarus. 172 (1): 179–220. Bibcode:2004Icar..172..179L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.006. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    13. Wolf, M. (November 1914). "Anzeige des Todes von Adam Massinger". Astronomische Nachrichten. 199: 335. Bibcode:1914AN....199..335W. ISSN 0004-6337. (scanned article)
    14. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (760) Massinga". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    15. "LCDB Data for (760) Massinga". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 2 June 2020.
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