57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division

The 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division was an infantry formation of the Territorial Force created in 1914 as part of the massive expansion of the British Army during the First World War. It served on the Western Front during 1917 and 1918. The divisional number was reactivated for deception purposes during the Second World War.

2nd West Lancashire Division
57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division
First World War division insignia
Active5 November 1914–4 July 1919
9 November 1943–29 July 1944
Country United Kingdom
Branch Territorial Force
RoleInfantry Division (1914-1919)
Deception formation (1943-1944)
EngagementsSecond Battle of Passchendaele
Second Battle of Arras
Battles for the Hindenburg Line
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Robert George Broadwood
Reginald Barnes

Origin

On 31 August 1914 the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd West Lancashire Division came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime West Lancashire Division that were due to be sent overseas. The 1st-Line division was temporarily dispersed as its units went to France piecemeal, many of the divisional staff and support elements transferring to the new formation, which became 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division in August 1915.[1][2]

History

The formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915.[1][2]

In November 1915 the War Office authorised the re-formation of 1st West Lancashire Division (now designated 55th (West Lancashire) Division), and a number of its original units returned from 57th Division, being replaced by their newly raised equivalents.[3] The training of the 2nd-Line divisional artillery had been seriously delayed by lack of arms and equipment. One field artillery brigade had to borrow carbines from the Preston Church Lads Brigade. Only in mid-July 1915 did each field artillery brigade receive two 15-pounder BLC guns without sights. In September 1915 the 2nd-Line divisional artillery took over the obsolete 15-pounders and 5-inch howitzers when the 1st-Line artillery was re-equipped. The 2nd-Line received their modern 18-pounders and 4.5-inch howitzers in December 1915 and January 1916. Shortly afterwards the infantry battalions received their allotment of Lewis Guns.

In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training.[1][2]

On 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 57th Division served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations:[1]

On 1 November 1918 57 Division went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice with Germany was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing its disbandment.[1]

Order of battle

The following formations and units served in 57 Division during the First World War:[1][2][4]

170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade
Main article: 170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade

171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade
Main article: 171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade

172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade
Main article: 172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade

Divisional Troops

Mounted Troops

  • 1st Lancashire Hussars – from 55 Division; left October–November 1915 to join 30, 31 and 35 Divisions[3]
  • 1st West Lancashire Divisional Cyclist Company – from 55 Division; left on 7 December 1915[3]
  • A Sqn 2/1st Bedfordshire Yeomanry – did not go to France
  • 57th Divisional Cyclist Company – did not go to France
  • 1/1st Kent Cyclist Battalion – joined at Canterbury November 1915; left for overseas service December 1915

Artillery

  • 1st West Lancashire Divisional Artillery Royal Field Artillery (RFA) (four brigades) – joined April 1915; left for 2nd Canadian Division in France September 1915[3]
  • 1/1st Lancashire Heavy Battery Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) – from 55 Division; joined April 1915; left for France December 1915[3]
  • 2/1st Lancashire Heavy Battery RGA – joined November 1915; left for France July 1916
  • 57th Divisional Artillery:
    • CCLXXXV (2/I West Lancashire) Brigade RFA – joined September 1915
    • CCLXXXVI (2/II West Lancashire) Brigade RFA– joined September 1915
    • CCLXXXVII (2/III West Lancashire) Brigade RFA – joined September 1915; broken up on disembarkation and batteries distributed among remaining field brigades
    • 2/IV West Lancashire Howitzer Brigade RFA – joined September 1915; broken up July 1916 and batteries distributed among field brigades
    • 57th (2/1st West Lancashire) Divisional Ammunition Column RFA
  • Divisional trench Mortar Batteries:
    • X, Y, Z Medium Trench Mortar Batteries – joined March 1917; Z absorbed by X and Y February 1918 '
    • W Heavy Trench Mortar Battery – joined March 1917; became XV Corps HTM Battery February 1918'

Engineers

  • 2/1st West Lancashire Field Company Royal Engineers – left for 55 Division in France December 1915
  • 2/2nd West Lancashire Field Company RE – left for 55 Division in France December 1915
  • 1/3rd West Lancashire Field Company RE – joined November 1915; became 421 Field Company February 1917
  • 1/3rd Wessex Field Company RE – joined December 1915; became 502 Field Company February 1917
  • 2/3rd Wessex Field Company RE – joined February 1916; became 505 Field Company February 1917
  • 1st West Lancashire Signal Company RE – from 55 Division; left December 1915[3]
  • 57th (2/1st West Lancashire) Signal Company RE – formed September 1915

Pioneers

Machine Gun Units

  • 173rd Machine Gun Company – joined March 1917
  • No 57 Battalion Machine Gun Corps – formed March 1918 from 173 Coy and Brigade MG Coys

Medical Units

  • 2/1st West Lancashire Field Ambulance Royal Army Medical Corps – left for 55 Division in France December 1915[3]
  • 1/2nd West Lancashire Field Ambulance RAMC – left for 30 Division in France October 1915
  • 1/3rd West Lancashire Field Ambulance RAMC – left for 55 Division in France December 1915[3]
  • 2/2nd Wessex Field Ambulance RAMC – joined December 1915
  • 2/3rd Wessex Field Ambulance RAMC – joined December 1915
  • 3/2nd West Lancashire Field Ambulance RAMC – joined December 1915
  • 57th (West Lancashire) Sanitary Section – transferred to Second Army April 1917

Transport Units

  • 57th (1/1st West Lancashire) Divisional Train Army Service Corps – from 55 Division
    • 505th, 506th, 507th, 508th Horse Transport Companies

Other Units

  • 57th Mobile Veterinary Section Army Veterinary Corps
  • 248th Divisional Employment Company – formed June 1917

Attached Troops

Commanders

The following officers commanded 57 Division during the First World War:[1]

  • Brig. Gen. F.A. Adam – acting from 5 November 1914
  • Maj.-Gen. J.B. Forster – from April 1915
  • Lieut.-Gen. R.G. Broadwood – from 20 October 1916; died of wounds 21 June 1917
  • Brig. Gen. J.C. Wray – acting
  • Maj.-Gen. Reginald W.R. Barnes – from 1 July 1917

Second World War

The 57th Division was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the war. The 42nd Brigade headquarters was formed in the UK on 26 July 1943 and sent to North Africa to command internal security units on the Lines of Communication under Allied Force Headquarters. These units had a full complement of personnel, but 80 per cent of them were below Medical Category 'A' and they were armed only with personal weapons and a skeleton allotment of transport.[5]

The 42nd Brigade HQ landed on 25 August 1943, and was redesignated '57th Division' on 9 November to deceive the enemy. To aid the deception, the commanding officer, Brigadier P.H. Cadoux-Hudson, was given the appropriate local rank of Major-General, and three of the battalions were redesignated as brigades.[6]

Order of Battle of 42nd Brigade/'57th Division'

The 42nd Brigade HQ was disbanded in North Africa on 29 July 1944, and '57th Division' ceased to exist on the same date.[5]

gollark: > `import hashlib`Hashlib is still important!> `for entry, ubq323 in {**globals(), **__builtins__, **sys.__dict__, **locals(), CONSTANT: Entry()}.items():`Iterate over a bunch of things. I think only the builtins and globals are actually used.The stuff under here using `blake2s` stuff is actually written to be ridiculously unportable, to hinder analysis. This caused issues when trying to run it, so I had to hackily patch in the `/local` thing a few minutes before the deadline.> `for PyObject in gc.get_objects():`When I found out that you could iterate over all objects ever, this had to be incorporated somehow. This actually just looks for some random `os` function, and when it finds it loads the obfuscated code.> `F, G, H, I = typing(lookup[7]), typing(lookup[8]), __import__("functools"), lambda h, i, *a: F(G(h, i))`This is just a convoluted way to define `enumerate(range))` in one nice function.> `print(len(lookup), lookup[3], typing(lookup[3])) #`This is what actually loads the obfuscated stuff. I think.> `class iｎt(typing(lookup[0])):`Here we subclass `complex`. `complex` is used for 2D coordinates within the thing, so I added some helper methods, such as `__iter__`, allowing unpacking of complex numbers into real and imaginary parts, `abs`, which generates a complex number a+ai, and `ℝ`, which provvides the floored real parts of two things.> `class Mаtrix:`This is where the magic happens. It actually uses unicode homoglyphs again, for purposes.> `self = typing("dab7d4733079c8be454e64192ce9d20a91571da25fc443249fc0be859b227e5d")`> `rows = gc`I forgot what exactly the `typing` call is looking up, but these aren't used for anything but making the fake type annotations work.> `def __init__(rows: self, self: rows):`This slightly nonidiomatic function simply initializes the matrix's internals from the 2D array used for inputs.> `if 1 > (typing(lookup[1]) in dir(self)):`A convoluted way to get whether something has `__iter__` or not.
gollark: If you guess randomly the chance of getting none right is 35%ish.
gollark: Anyway, going through #12 in order:> `import math, collections, random, gc, hashlib, sys, hashlib, smtplib, importlib, os.path, itertools, hashlib`> `import hashlib`We need some libraries to work with. Hashlib is very important, so to be sure we have hashlib we make sure to keep importing it.> `ℤ = int`> `ℝ = float`> `Row = "__iter__"`Create some aliases for int and float to make it mildly more obfuscated. `Row` is not used directly in anywhere significant.> `lookup = [...]`These are a bunch of hashes used to look up globals/objects. Some of them are not actually used. There is deliberately a comma missing, because of weird python string concattey things.```pythondef aes256(x, X): import hashlib A = bytearray() for Α, Ҙ in zip(x, hashlib.shake_128(X).digest(x.__len__())): A.append(Α ^ Ҙ) import zlib, marshal, hashlib exec(marshal.loads(zlib.decompress(A)))```Obviously, this is not actual AES-256. It is abusing SHAKE-128's variable length digests to implement what is almost certainly an awful stream cipher. The arbitrary-length hash of our key, X, is XORed with the data. Finally, the result of this is decompressed, loaded (as a marshalled function, which is extremely unportable bytecode I believe), and executed. This is only used to load one piece of obfuscated code, which I may explain later.> `class Entry(ℝ):`This is also only used once, in `typing` below. Its `__init__` function implements Rule 110 in a weird and vaguely golfy way involving some sets and bit manipulation. It inherits from float, but I don't think this does much.> `#raise SystemExit(0)`I did this while debugging the rule 110 but I thought it would be fun to leave it in.> `def typing(CONSTANT: __import__("urllib3")):`This is an obfuscated way to look up objects and load our obfuscated code.> `return getattr(Entry, CONSTANT)`I had significant performance problems, so this incorporates a cache. This was cooler™️ than dicts.
gollark: The tiebreaker algorithm is vulnerable to any attack against Boris Johnson's Twitter account.
gollark: I can't actually shut them down, as they run on arbitrary google services.

See also

References
  1. Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 1–7.
  2. 57th Division at Long, Long Trail
  3. Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 133–9.
  4. 57th Division at Regimental Warpath Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Joslen, p. 287.
  6. Joslen, pp. 92, 287, 354.

Further reading
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
  • Mike Chappell, British Battle Insignia (2): 1939-45.
  • Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2003, ISBN 1843424746.
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