425 Park Avenue

425 Park Avenue is an office building in New York City being redeveloped by L&L Holding and GreenOak Real Estate, with a design by architectural firm Foster + Partners. Work on the new structure began in 2016, and is expected to be completed in 2020.

425 Park Avenue
425 Park Avenue under construction on May 24, 2019.
General information
StatusTopped-out
TypeOffice
Address425 Park Ave.
Town or cityNew York City
CountryUnited States
Coordinates40.760542°N 73.971157°W / 40.760542; -73.971157
Topped-outDecember 4, 2018[1]
Estimated completion2020
Cost$1 billion
Height897 feet (273 m)
Technical details
Floor area670,000 square feet (62,000 m2)
Design and construction
ArchitectFoster + Partners

Design

Original building
The original 425 Park Avenue

The original 388-foot (118 m) building was designed by Kahn & Jacobs. Modernist in style, it replaced a row of sixteen four-story townhouses built by Robert Goelet in 1871. The construction of the building began in 1954,[2][3] on land leased from the Robert Walton Goelet estate, who died in 1941.[4] At the time of the construction, it was one of the tallest buildings that utilized the bolted connections.[5] The 32-story building was open in 1957 with National Biscuit Company,[4] Kaye Scholer, Chemical Corn Exchange Bank as major tenants.[6][7]

Since 2004, L&L Holding, which was founded in 2000, had been trying to redevelop 425 Park Avenue when the Goelet family intended to sell a 33% stake of the property. After an extended negotiation, L&L, in partnership with Lehman Brothers, entered into a 84-year ground lease deal with the Goelet family in 2006 that was valued at $320 million with a large upfront payment.[7] The lease allowed L&L to redevelop the easterly block of Park Avenue between 55th street and 56th street after the existing leases with the building tenants expired in 2015.[8] During the predevelopment phase, Lehman Brothers went into a bankruptcy in 2008. L&L attempted to buy Lehman Brothers out at a steep discount, but Lehman Brothers opted to continue funding the project through its bankruptcy with the original financial obligations. However, in 2013, L&L, GreenOak Real Estate, and other investors bought 90% of Lehman Brothers’ stake in the project, allowing L&L to have a full control of the redevelopment.[7]

Redesigned building

L&L designed the new building under the assumption that it would keep 25% of its former structure in order to keep the total floor area of 670,000 square feet.[9] L&L chose Foster + Partners to design the building after a competition to choose an architect.[10] L&L solicited bids from 11 architectural firms. These entries were narrowed to four final proposals, from Zaha Hadid Architects, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, OMA, and Foster + Partners. Each incorporated a portion of the original structure. Real estate news site YIMBY noted that, due to its three roughly 200-foot concrete fins, the Foster plan would have "[...] the most pronounced skyline effect" compared to the other proposals.[10] Another key element of Foster + Partners design was the three tiers of very high ceiling and virtually column-free floor space.[11]

Zoning

The 425 Park Avenue is located in the eastern part of the Midtown Manhattan. The area, which is generally stretched from East 39th Street to East 57th Street, and from Third Avenue to Madison Avenue, is one of the main business districts in Manhattan with more than 400 office buildings.[12]

The 1961 Zoning Resolution restricted the size of the buildings based on floor area ratio (FAR), not the heights. As many as 300 office buildings in the area were built before 1961 with an average age of 73 years. The older building stock made the area become less competitive in the modern office space market due to the low ceiling and less open floor space by the obstruction of many columns in those buildings. The 1961 zoning was more restrictive than prior rules with low allowable FAR to make the area less dense. Many of those pre-1961 office buildings were considered overbuilt as the floor area amounts exceeded the allowable amounts per the 1961 zoning, but they were grandfathered. If the owners of those buildings would have demolished an existing building to build a new one on the site, the new building would have less floor space than the original one. This caused a deterrent for redevelopment of those older office buildings. The concern was the reason for the city's East Midtown rezoning plan, which added more air rights in the neighborhood immediately around Grand Central Terminal, thereby encouraging redevelopment.[12]

For 425 Park Avenue, without the redevelopment, the building could only generate revenue of about $50 to $70 per square foot. With a more modern building, the revenue could be boosted to more than $100 per square foot.[13] The 1961 zoning was a major obstacle for its redevelopment. If L&L would have demolished the building, it could only construct a building with the maximum of 580,000 square feet instead of the original 670,000 square feet.[14] However, there was an exception to the 1961 zoning rules. If a redevelopment of a pre-1961 building could retain at least 25% of its original structure, the new building would be permitted to have up to the original square footage. This was an option that L&L explored, but the rezoning occurred only after L&L had already commissioned a design.[7]

Development

A $556 million construction loan is secured by the property.[7]

The new base with the floor slabs connected to the new columns, and the old columns cut off.

Preserving the original structure led to difficulties during construction, requiring the developer to hire a third engineering firm to help orchestrate the sequence of demolition and construction. The first step was to completely demolish floor by floor from the top floor to the 18th floor. Temporary steel structures were then installed to support the remaining 17 floors before further demolition.[14] As much as 750 tons of wind bracings, crane-bracing systems, shoring systems and temporary trusses were put in place. Installing these large temporary steel structures in the middle of a partially demolished building proven to be a challenging and time-consuming process.[15] After the installation, the rear side of the building was demolished. Twelve new jumbo columns were erected, six as exterior columns at the front of the building and the other six at the center of the building. The new building core was also built at the rear to connect to every other floor that would be remained in the new building. The rest of the unconnected floor slabs were demolished creating high ceiling floors at the base. The work continued on the building core at the rear, and new floors were built atop the old structure. There was a waiting period of many months when more floors were built upward before the removal of the original columns and the temporary steel structures at the base, leaving those floors to be supported by 12 jumbo columns and the new building core only.[16][11]

As of April 2018, the building was halfway to its full height.[17] Facade installation began in June 2018, when the building was 22 floors from topping out.[18] The building topped out on December 4th, 2018, in a ceremony attended by lead architect Lord Norman Foster.[1]

Tenants

L&L intended not to pre-lease the building, but in early 2016, hedge fund Citadel signed a lease for 200,000 square feet across several floors, including the penthouse floor.[19][10] At the time it was signed, it was the most expensive lease in the city's history. Delays in construction have led some to speculate that Citadel may back out of the lease, or that it was seeking temporary offices due to the delays.[20] L&L has asserted that the tenant will move in as planned. These concerns were officially allayed in January 2019 when Citadel executed a lease expansion for another 124,000 square feet (11,500 m2) of space, bringing their total occupancy to 16 floors of the building.[21] The expansion will see Citadel occupy a total of 335,400 square feet (31,160 m2), or 48% of the building's space.

The founders of restaurant Eleven Madison Park will open two restaurants in the building, originally announced in 2015. One will be two stories tall, in the building's base, totaling roughly 14,000 square feet. According to L&L's founder, David Levinson, the intention is for the restaurant to be "[...] a Four Seasons on steroids for the 21st century".[22] The other restaurant will be open only to tenants, and will be located on the 27th floor.[23] Despite construction delays, both venues are still expected to open when construction is complete as of June 2018.[24]

gollark: Except for another computer and some network cards, but latency.
gollark: Well, it's a shame there's no way to have some sort of controller system group together a bunch of floppies so they can be accessed as one peripheral.
gollark: Hmm.
gollark: How much data do OC floppies store? 1.44MB?
gollark: I don't know if the FS capabilities are good enough to replicate most unmanaged disk stuff using that, though.

See also

References
  1. Young, Michael (December 15, 2018). "Norman Foster's 425 Park Avenue Officially Tops Out 897 Feet Atop Midtown East, Manhattan". New York Yimby.
  2. "425 Park Avenue". Emporis. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  3. Trager, James (2010). The New York chronology : the ultimate compendium of events, people and anecdotes from the Dutch to the present. Zondervan. p. 615. ISBN 9780062018601. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  4. "NATIONAL BISCUIT LEASES SIX FLOORS; Will Move Offices From the Chelsea District to New Space on Park Avenue" (PDF). The New York Times. February 11, 1955. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  5. Friedman, Donald (2010). Historical building construction : design, materials & technology (2nd ed.). W.W. Norton & Co. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-393-73268-9. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  6. "BANK LEASES SPACE; Chemical Corn to Have Unit at 425 Park Avenue" (PDF). The New York Times. May 18, 1956. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  7. Clarke, Katherine (November 1, 2016). "The resurrection of 425 Park". The Real Deal. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  8. Cuozzo, Steve (September 19, 2006). "$1B Park Ave. Deal is a Steal – L&L Wins Bid War". New York Post. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  9. "Delay in L&L's Park Avenue office development could boost project". The Real Deal. May 15, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  10. Ogorodnikov, Vitali (April 8, 2016). "425 Park Avenue, Pioneer Of Modernism, Loses Half Its Height To Make Way For 893-Foot-Tall 21st Century Beacon". YIMBY. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  11. Rosenfield, Karissa (November 16, 2012). "425 Park Avenue / Foster + Partners". ArchDaily. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  12. East Midtown Rezoning (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  13. "L&L seeks architect for new Park Avenue tower". The Real Deal. April 23, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  14. Guerre, Liam La (June 20, 2018). "Under Construction: L&L's 425 Park Avenue Demo Nears the Finish Line". Commercial Observer. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  15. Rudarakanchana, Nat (November 29, 2017). "A 7,391-ton study in mind-boggling complexity". Fastmarkets AMM. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  16. "425 Park Avenue Phasing Diagram". Tishman. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  17. Walker, Ameena (April 17, 2018). "Norman Foster's Park Avenue office tower is now halfway to its pinnacle". Curbed. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
  18. Nelson, Andrew (June 29, 2018). "425 Park Avenue's Façade Installation Begins As Construction Nears Halfway Point, Midtown East". YIMBY. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  19. Boysen, Ryan (February 17, 2016). "The Priciest Lease In NYC History May Have Just Been Signed". Bisnow. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  20. Hall, Miriam (June 1, 2018). "Citadel, After Signing Most Expensive NYC Office Lease Ever, Exploring Other Office Options". Bisnow. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  21. "With big lease expansion, Citadel kills rumors it's spooked by 425 Park delays". The Real Deal. January 8, 2019.
  22. Cuozzo, Steve (June 10, 2015). "Park Avenue tower will boast hot new eatery". New York Post. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  23. Preston, Marguerite (June 10, 2015). "Eleven Madison Park Team to Open Fine Dining Behemoth on Park Avenue". Eater. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  24. Dai, Serena (July 16, 2018). "Eleven Madison Park Team Nixes Plan for Big FiDi Restaurant". Eater NY. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
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