303rd Air Expeditionary Group

The 303rd Air Expeditionary Group is a provisional United States Air Force unit. In 2011, it was assigned to United States Air Forces Europe to activate or inactivate as needed.

303rd Air Expeditionary Group
Boeing B-17G of the 303rd Bombardment Group showing Triangle C tail markings
Active1942–1945; 1947–1948; 1951–1952; 2004–2010
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
RoleBombardment
Part ofUnited States Air Forces Europe
Nickname(s)Hell's Angels[1]
Motto(s)Might in Flight[2]
EngagementsEuropean Theater of World War II
DecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation
Insignia
303rd Air Expeditionary Group emblem[3]
303rd Bombardment Group emblem as usually displayed during World War II[4]
303rd Bombardment Group arms as approved 9 January 1943[2]
Eighth Air Force Tail MarkingTriangle C[4]

The unit was first activated as the 303rd Bombardment Group in February 1942. During World War II, the 303rd was one of the first VIII Bomber Command B-17 Flying Fortress units in England. The group's "Hell's Angels" is recognized by the USAF as the first B-17 to complete 25 combat missions in the ETO on 13 May 1943, six days before the Memphis Belle,[5] though 12 days after Delta Rebel 2. The group went on to fly more than 300 combat missions, more than any other B-17 group in the theater. The B-17 "Knock-out Dropper" was the first aircraft in Eighth Air Force to complete 50, then 75 missions. The group was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for completing an attack against a heavily defended target in January 1944.

The group was twice activated for brief periods by Strategic Air Command (SAC). During the first of these periods, from July 1947 to September 1948, the group was not equipped or manned. It was again activated at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona in September 1951. However, SAC reorganized its combat wings to assign operational squadrons directly to the wing headquarters in June 1952 and the group was again inactivated.

Air Force Materiel Command activated the Global Hawk Systems Group in January 2005 during a reorganization called the Air Force Materiel Command Transformation to manage the acquisition and development of the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk. This group was consolidated with the 303rd as the 303rd Aeronautical Systems Group in June 2006. The consolidated group was inactivated in June 2010 when AF Materiel Command returned to its traditional directorate systems management organization.

History

World War II
Aircraft and ground crew of B-17 "Hell's Angels"[note 1][6][7]

The 303rd Bombardment Group was activated in February 1942 as a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber group at Pendleton Field, Oregon and assigned the 358th, 359th and 360th Bombardment Squadrons and the 31st Reconnaissance Squadron.[8][9][10][11] It moved to Gowen Field, Idaho, where its 31st Reconnaissance Squadron was replaced by the 38th Reconnaissance Squadron, which had lost most of its B-17s in the attack on Pearl Harbor.[12] The group deployed to Southern California to fly antisubmarine patrols over the Pacific. The group completed training in southwest by August 1942. The ground echelon departed Biggs Field, Texas in August 1942, arriving at Fort Dix on 24 August. It sailed aboard the RMS Queen Mary and arrived in Great Britain on 10 September. The air echelon flew through Kellogg Field, Michigan and Dow Field, Maine before ferrying its planes across the Atlantic.[2][1]

Combat in Europe

Due to the haste to move heavy bombers to Europe, the group was insufficiently trained for combat[13] and it continued to train in England until it entered combat on 17 November 1942[1] in a strike against Saint-Nazaire, but returned without striking, having been unable to locate its target. It attacked Saint-Nazaire the following day, although its intended target was La Pallice.[14] Its initial raids were on airfields, railroads and submarine pens in France. As one of only four Flying Fortress groups in VIII Bomber Command during late 1942 and early 1943, the 303rd participated in the development of the tactics that would be used throughout the air campaign against Germany.[15]

In 1943, the group began flying missions to Germany, participating in the first attack by American heavy bombers on a target in Germany, a raid on the submarine yards at Wilhelmshaven on 27 January 1943. From that time, it concentrated primarily on strategic bombardment of German industry, marshalling yards, and other strategic targets, including the ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt, shipyards at Bremen and an aircraft engine factory at Hamburg.[2]

The 303rd received a Distinguished Unit Citation when adverse weather on 11 January 1944 prevented its fighter cover from joining the group, exposing it to continuous attacks by Luftwaffe fighters. Despite this opposition, the unit successfully struck an aircraft assembly plant at Oschersleben.[2]

Although a strategic bombing unit, the squadron was diverted on occasion to close air support and interdiction for ground forces. It attacked gun emplacements and bridges in the Pas-de-Calais during Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, in June 1944; bombed enemy troops during Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, and during the Battle of the Bulge. It bombed military installations near Wesel during Operation Lumberjack, the Allied assault across the Rhine. Its last combat mission was an attack on 25 April 1945 against an armament factory at Pilsen (now Plzeň).[2]

Following VE Day in May 1945 the 303rd Group was reassigned to the North African Division, Air Transport Command and moved to Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco to use its B-17 bombers as transports, ferrying personnel from France to Morocco. However, the two B-17 groups moved to Casablanca proved surplus to Air Transport Command's needs and the squadron was inactivated in late July 1945 and its planes ferried back to the United States.[2][1]

During the War, the 303rd flew 364 missions, more than any other Eighth Air Force B-17 group, and one group Fort, "Hell's Angels", was the first to complete 25 missions, while another, "Knock Out Dropper", was the first to complete 50 and 75 missions. Only one other group delivered more bomb tonnage than the 303rd. However, the group lost 165 planes, more than five times its authorized strength of 30 B-17s.[1]

Medals of Honor
B-17 after the mission of 18 March 1943[note 2]

On 20 December 1943 one of the group's planes, nicknamed the "Jersey Bounce" was hit by flak and lost two engines while attacking the target, causing the Fort to drop behind the formation. Two 20 millimeter cannon shells exploded in the radio compartment, injuring Technical Sergeant Forrest L. Vosler, the radio operator-gunner. The first injuring him in the legs and thighs and the second striking is chest and also nearly blinding him. Sergeant Vosler continued to fire his gun at attacking fighters. He began to lapse in and out of consciousness, but (working by feel) repaired the radio so that emergency transmissions could be made. When the B-17 ditched, he managed to climb on the wing unaided and assist the badly wounded tail gunner until he could be loaded into one of the plane's dinghies. Sergeant Vosler was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions.[2][16]

Flying through intense flak on a mission against Bremen-Vegesack on 18 March 1943, in which bombing was to be done by squadrons, 1st Lieutenant Jack W. Mathis, was bombardier on the lead aircraft of the group's 359th Squadron. Less than a minute before bomb release, he was knocked nine feet back from his bombsight. Although Lt Mathis was mortally wounded, he returned to his position to release his bombs and ensure the squadron struck its target, dying as he toggled the bomb release. For this action, Lt Mathis was awarded the Medal of Honor.[2][17]

Capture of "Wulfe Hound"

A B-17F from the group's 360th Bombardment Squadron, nicknamed "Wulfe Hound"[note 3]) was the first Flying Fortress to be captured by the Luftwaffe. On 12 December 1942 (the group's sixth mission, after attacking railroad marshaling yards in the Sotteville-lès-Rouen area of France, "Wulfe Hound" was damaged by Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters. The damage forced the pilot, First Lieutenant Paul F. Flickenger to make a wheels-up landing in a hayfield near Melun (60 miles southeast of Paris), with the ball turret guns pointing downward. Eight of the crew were captured but Lieutenants Gilbert T Schowalter (navigator) and Jack E. Williams (co-pilot) were able to escape and evade.[18]

Luftwaffe personnel transported the B-17 to the Leeuwarden Airfield in the Netherlands, where repairs were made and the B-17 put in flyable condition. The damaged ball turret was never repaired. It was painted with German Balkenkreuz and assigned Stammkennzeichen alphabetic code DL+XC with yellow paint on the undersurfaces. It was carefully examined and tested at the Luftwaffe Test and Evaluation Center at Rechlin-Lärz Airfield. Wulfe Hound was first flown by the Germans on 17 March 1943, followed by more testing and development of fighter tactics against B-17s.[19]

It was then transferred to Kampfgeschwader 200 special operations wing at Rangesdorf, Germany on 11 September 1943. It then took part in training and highly secretive clandestine missions between May and June 1944. On 20 April 1945 the aircraft was caught in an American air-raid on Oranienburg Airfield and was partially destroyed.[19]

In 2000, the German government started redeveloping the former airfield, and parts of Wulfe Hound were rediscovered and placed on display at Sachsenhausen Memorial Store[19]

Strategic Air Command

The group was activated at Andrews Field, Maryland on 1 July 1947 and assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC). However, the 303rd was not manned or equipped before it was inactivated in September 1948.[3]

The 303rd was again activated by SAC at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona in September 1951. However, the group did not become operational because SAC was testing the "Dual Deputate" organization,[note 4] and its squadrons were managed by its parent 303rd Bombardment Wing. In June 1952 its squadrons were assigned directly to the wing and the group was inactivated.[3][20]

Air Force Materiel Command
Main article: 303rd Aeronautical Systems Wing

Prior to 2005, Program Executive Officers (PEO)s managing Air Force systems were generally located in Washington. Program managers in field units reported to the PEO for each program. As a result of a study begun in 2003 the Air Force decided to consolidate PEOs and locate them at the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) centers. The reorganization was known as the Air Force Materiel Command Transformation.[21] In conjunction with the new organization, the traditional center directorates were replaced by wings and groups. The Global Hawk Systems Group was formed as one of the new groups at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio in January 2005. During the summer of 2006 the 303rd was consolidated with this group and the consolidated unit was shortly renamed the 303rd Aeronautical Systems Group.[3]

The group managed the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned reconnaissance vehicle while it was simultaneously being manufactured and modified to increase its mission capability. The Global Hawk was operational and required logistic sustainment at the same time it was undergoing test and evaluation. The group also assisted the United States Navy with procurement of its first Global Hawk vehicles.[22]

After analyzing the results of that reorganization, the Air Force decided PEOs that were even closer to the persons managing programs on a day-to-day basis would improve the system. It announced the Air Force Acquisition Improvement Plan in May 2009 and four months later announced the initiative would include a return to the Directorate organizational model.[21] In June 2010, the group was inactivated.[3]

Expeditionary unit

In March 2011, the group was converted to provisional status as the 303rd Air Expeditionary Group and assigned to United States Air Forces Europe, which may activate or inactivate it when needed for contingency operations.[3]

Lineage
303rd Air Expeditionary Group
  • Constituted as the 303rd Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
Activated on 3 February 1942
Redesignated 303rd Bombardment Group, Heavy on 20 August 1943
Inactivated on 25 July 1945
  • Redesignated 303rd Bombardment Group, Very Heavy on 1 July 1947
Activated on 1 July 1947
Inactivated on 6 September 1948
  • Redesignated 303rd Bombardment Group, Medium on 4 September 1951
Activated on 4 September 1951
Inactivated on 16 June 1952
  • Consolidated with the Global Hawk Systems Group as the Global Hawk Systems Group on 23 June 2006
  • Redesignated 303rd Aeronautical Systems Group on 14 July 2006
Inactivated on 30 June 2010
  • Converted to provisional status, redesignated 303rd Air Expeditionary Group and assigned to United States Air Forces Europe to activate or inactivate as needed on 8 March 2011[3]
Global Hawk Systems Group
  • Constituted on as the Global Hawk Systems Group on 23 November 2004
Activated on 18 January 2005
  • Consolidated with the 303rd Bombardment Group on 23 June 2006[3]

Assignments
  • Second Air Force, 3 February 1942 – 28 August 1942
  • 1st Bombardment Wing, 10 Sep 1942
  • 41st Combat Bombardment Wing, 13 September 1943
  • North African Division, Air Transport Command, 15 June – 25 July 1945
  • Strategic Air Command, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948
  • 303rd Bombardment Wing, 4 September 1951 – 16 June 1952
  • Reconnaissance Systems Wing (later 303rd Aeronautical Systems Wing). 18 January 2005 – 30 June 2010
  • United States Air Force Europe, to activate or inactivate as needed, 8 March 2011[3]

Components
  • 31st Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy), 3 February-16 March 1942[3]
  • 38th Reconnaissance Squadron (later 427th Bombardment Squadron), attached 13 March 1942, assigned 31 March 1942 – 25 July 1945[3]
  • 303rd Air Refueling Squadron, 4 September 1951 – 8 April 1952[3]
  • 358th Bombardment Squadron, 3 February 1942 – 25 July 1945; 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948; 4 September 1951 – 16 June 1952[3]
  • 359th Bombardment Squadron, 3 February 1942 – 25 July 1945; 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948; 4 September 1951 – 16 June 1952[3]
  • 360th Bombardment Squadron, 3 February 1942 – 25 July 1945; 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948; 4 September 1951 – 16 June 1952[3]
  • 669th Aeronautical Systems Squadron, 14 July 2006 – 30 June 2008[23][24]

Stations

Aircraft assigned
  • Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
  • Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1951–1952[3]
gollark: Unfortunately, there are only two more videos.
gollark: I just can't hear it because audio routing hax.
gollark: I know what it sounds like, yes.
gollark: I think it's working, although I cannot actually hear it.
gollark: We now move onto "whosoever lieth with apioforms shall surely be put to death".

See also

References

Notes
  1. Aircraft was 41-24577 of the 358th Bombardment Squadron, taken at Molesworth. On 13 May 1943, this became the first B-17 to complete 25 combat missions with Eighth Air Force.
  2. Aircraft is Boeing B-17G-45-BO Flying Fortress serial 42-97272, fuselage code BN-T, nicknamed "Duchess Daughter".
  3. The aircraft was B-17F-27-BO serial 41-24585 and its fuselage code was PU-B
  4. Under this plan flying [and missile] squadrons reported to the wing Deputy Commander for Operations and maintenance squadrons reported to the wing Deputy Commander for Maintenance

Citations
  1. Freeman, p. 247
  2. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 175–176
  3. Robertson, Patsy (2 May 2011). "Factsheet 303 Air Expeditionary Group (USAFE)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  4. Watkins, pp. 52–53
  5. Stout, Jay (January 2015). Hell's Angels The True Story of the 303rd Bomb Group in World War II (First ed.). New York: Berkley Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-425-27409-5.
  6. Bishop, pp.160, 236.
  7. Moncur, Gary L. "Hell's Angels vs Memphis Belle" (PDF). 303bg.com. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  8. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 155
  9. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 445–446
  10. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 445-446
  11. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 448–449
  12. Maurer, 523–525
  13. Freeman, p. 19
  14. Freeman, p. 20
  15. See generally Freeman, Chapter 3, "The Pioneers", pp. 21–32 (describing development of formations, bombing techniques, etc. during this period).
  16. Freeman, p. 102
  17. Freeman, pp. 27–28
  18. Moncur, Gary L. (12 December 1942). "303rd BG(H) Combat Mission No. 6" (PDF). 303bg.com. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  19. Schulze, Mario. "Wulfe Hound – The Final Chapter". 303bg.com. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  20. Ravenstein, pp. 149–150
  21. Mayer, Darryl (1 July 2010). "ASC inactivates aeronautical systems wings". 88th Air Base Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  22. McGee, Chris (2 August 2006). "Global Hawk Shows Valuable Demand". United States Department of Defense TransFormation. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  23. Research Division, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Air Force Organization Change Status Report, July 2006, Maxwell AFB, AL
  24. Research Division, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Air Force Organization Change Status Report, June 2008, Maxwell AFB, AL
  25. Station number in Anderson

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.

Further reading
  • Flemming, Samuel P., as told to Ed Y. Young. Flying with the Hell's Angels. Spartanburg, South Carolina: Honoribus Press, 1991.
  • Freeny, William A. (ed). The First 300 Hell's Angels, 303rd Bombardment Group (H). United States Army Air Forces. London: B. T. Batsford, 1944.
  • Gobrecht, Harry D. Might in Flight: Daily Diary of the Eighth Air Force's Hell's Angels 303rd Bombardment Group (H). San Clemente, California: 303rd Bombardment Group (H) Association, 1993 (second edition 1997).
  • O'Neill, Brian D. Half a Wing, Three Engines and a Prayer: B-17s Over Germany. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Aero Publishers, 1989.
  • O'Neill, Brian D. 303rd Bombardment Group. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84176-537-6.
  • Rawlings, Barney. Off We Went, Into the Wild Blue Yonder: The Story of a Flying Fortress Crew in World War II. Washington, North Carolina: Morgan Printers, 1994.
  • Smart, Valerie. The Original Hell's Angels: The 303rd Bombardment Group of World War II. Exeter, Devon, UK: Arcadia Publishing Ltd., 2001. ISBN 0-7385-0910-8.
  • Smith, Ben Jr. Chick's Crew: A Tale of the Eighth Air Force. Waycross, Georgia: Yarbrough Brothers, 1978
  • Kopec, Daniel (Executive Producer). "The 303rd". KBTC. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015. (Full Focus Television Documentary)
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