21st Division (South Vietnam)

The 21st Division of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)—the army of the nation state of South Vietnam that existed from 1959 to 1975, was part of the IV Corps that oversaw the southernmost region of South Vietnam, the Mekong Delta.

21st Infantry Division
21st Division SSI
Country South Vietnam
Branch Army of the Republic of Vietnam
Part ofIV Corps
Garrison/HQBạc Liêu
EngagementsVietnam War
  • Battle of An Loc
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Nguyễn Văn Minh
Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi
Lê Văn Hưng

The 21st Division was based in Chương Thiện Province, the southernmost province in the whole country, in an area dominated by jungles and swamps.

History

The 21st Infantry Division was formed in 1960 from the disbanded 11th and 13th Light Divisions and their personnel and equipment assigned to the new Division; the commander and staff of the 11th Light Division became the commanding general and headquarters elements of the new unit. The old headquarters of the 13th Light Division in Tây Ninh became the rear headquarters of the Division.[1]:298

The Division was responsible for the southwestern delta with an area of operations including Phong Dinh, Ba Xuyen, Bạc Lieu, An Xuyên and Chương Thiện Provinces and the southern half of Kiên Giang Province, including the province capital, Rạch Giá. Controlled by Military Region 3, four enemy regiments operated against the Division: the Viet Cong (VC) D1 Regiment in Phong Dinh and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) D2, 95A Sapper and 18B Regiments in Chương Thiện.[2]:15

A dead lieutenant from the 1st Battalion, 31st Infantry is transported by sampan following an ambush near Vi Thanh, Chương Thiện Province, 22 July 1964

On 24 April 1962 the Division, supported by 16 Marine helicopters from HMM-362, conducted Operation Nightingale near Cần Thơ. 591 Division troops were landed to engage a VC force killing 70 and capturing 3, while losing 3 killed.[3]:65

By the end of 1965 the US advisers to the Division regarded Division commander General Nguyễn Văn Minh highly, and they reported that the Division was "getting more aggressive" and had "a good potential not yet fully realized."[4]:116

By 1967 Brig. Gen. William Robertson Desobry, the US senior adviser in IV Corps, considered the Division under General Minh the best in the ARVN and the 9th Division not far behind.[4]:248 However the senior US officer there, Maj. Gen. George S. Eckhardt, had recommended his dismissal, noting that he was "very temperamental and has frequently requested relief when under stress or when at odds with [the] Corps commander." Minh's close friendship with President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu brought him command of the Capital Military District in 1968.[4]:478

On 5 March 1968 the Division together with Regional Forces killed 275 VC and captured 61 weapons north of Cà Mau Airfield.[5]

On 19 October 1969 the 32nd Regiment supported by helicopter gunships from the U.S. 164th Combat Aviation Group engaged a PAVN/VC force in the U Minh Forest 37 miles (60 km) south of Rạch Giá. At 11:00 another Division unit supported the fighting which continued until mid-afternoon when the PAVN/VC withdrew leaving 96 dead and 15 individual and six crew-served weapons and 145 Rocket-propelled grenades. An AH-1 Cobra was shot down during the battle.[6]

Division soldiers run toward waiting helicopters, 1970

In January 1970 John Paul Vann at the request of Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker produced his own evaluations of IV Corps' commanders which differed markedly from the official judgments of MACV. Vann recommended all three division commanders and the special zone commander for relief, however only the 7th Division commander was replaced.[4]:366

During 1971 the Division focused on destruction of the PAVN/VC Base Area 483 in the U Minh Forest.[7]:141

On 7 April 1972 at the start of the Easter Offensive the Division was alerted for movement to III Corps to support units of that Corps fighting in the Battle of An Lộc. On 10 April the first elements of this division were already deployed to Lai Khê.[7]:146 On 12 April a relief force of the 32nd Regiment departed Lai Khê to reopen Route 13 to Chơn Thành Camp 30km south of An Lộc. After making slow progress, on 22 April the 32nd Regiment encountered a roadblock of the PAVN 101st Regiment 15km north of Lai Khê. From 24 April the Division engaged the PAVN in a two-pronged attack to clear the road with the 32nd Regiment attacking from the north and the 33rd Regiment attacking from the south. These attacks eventually forced the 101st Regiment to withdraw west on 27 April leaving one battalion to cover the withdrawal for a further 2 days. The 31st Regiment was then lifted by helicopters 6km north of Chơn Thành where it fought the PAVN 165th Regiment, 7th Division, later reinforced by the 209th Regiment, for the next 13 days. Eventually on 13 May with intensive air support the 31st Regiment overran the PAVN positions and extended ARVN control to 8km north of Chơn Thành. The 32nd Regiment then deployed into the Tau O area (11.514°N 106.614°E / 11.514; 106.614) a further 5km north where they ran into the 209th Regiment's well-prepared blocking positions which stopped the Division's advance for 38 days despite extensive artillery and air support including B-52 strikes. This stalemate would continue until the PAVN withdrew from An Lộc.[7]:131–3 In mid-July the Division was replaced by the 25th Division and they completed the destruction of the remaining PAVN strongpoints by 20 July.[7]:135 Following the battle General Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi was replaced as Division commander by an Airborne officer.[4]:486

In June 1973 the Division, which deservedly had the worst reputation for discipline and effectiveness among the divisions in the delta, was given a new commander, Brig. Gen. Lê Văn Hưng, who had done well at An Lộc. Although General Hưng had nowhere to bring the division but up, progress was slow. He gradually replaced ineffective subordinates with combat-proven officers, many from Airborne and Ranger units, and observers noted some slight improvements in morale and combat effectiveness. General Hung employed the 15th Regiment, under his operational control from the 9th Division, exclusively in Long Mỹ District of Chương Thiện, while his three organic regiments, the 31st, 32nd and 33rd, operated throughout the rest of Chương Thiện and northern An Xuyên. The 32nd and 33rd had few contacts with the enemy, other than receiving attacks by fire; but in late December, the 3rd Battalion, 31st Regiment was ambushed while marching to the relief of an RF outpost, and more than 100 of its men were killed. This event illustrated again longstanding defects in leadership and training in this regiment and supported the Defense Attaché Office, Saigon's year-end assessment that the Division was no more than "marginally combat effective."[2]:69

In April 1975, while the PAVN 1975 Spring Offensive overran much of the country, the Division protected Binh Thuy Air Base, the Arc Road Line at outer Can Tho, the ferry crossing between Can Tho-Binh Minh, Vinh Long province and the provincial capitals at An Xuyen (Ca Mau), Chuong Thien (Hau Giang), Rạch Giá (Kiên Giang), Bạc Liêu and Ba Xuyen (Soc Trang).[8]:206–7 On the early morning of 30 April 1975, several RVNAF helicopters launched airstrikes to stop the VC from taking sections of the Arc Road Line. Later that morning President Dương Văn Minh announced the unconditional surrender to North Vietnam by radio.[8]:207–9 General Lê Văn Hưng was upset about the surrender order and proposed that ARVN unit could retreat into the delta to continue fighting. Division soldiers retreated from the Arc Line to defend central Can Tho, but Hưng changed his mind and ordered them not to defend the city because of fears of the destruction that would result. At 20:00, the VC 9th Military Region representatives demanded the surrender of all ARVN units by the morning of 1 May. [8]:208–10 At 20:45 Hưng committed suicide at his home rather than surrender. On the morning of 1 May IV Corps commander Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam committed suicide at his headquarters. The Division was effectively disbanded on 1 May 1975.[8]:210–1

Organisation

Component units:

  • 31st Infantry Regiment
  • 32nd Infantry Regiment
  • 33rd Infantry Regiment
  • 210th, 211st, 212nd and 213rd Artillery Battalions
  • 9th Armored Cavalry Squadron
  • US Advisory Team 51
gollark: It's a shame, really.
gollark: I'm not saying that, just that we can't yet set up test societies and do randomized controlled trials.
gollark: > I would agree that knowledge passed down from generations is good, but with one major condition. [...]Science doesn't "prove" things and social things are VERY HARD to test.
gollark: You literally said that people have less long term memory now earlier.
gollark: Huh?

References
  1. Spector, Ronald (1985). United States Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Early Years 1941-1960 (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. ISBN 9780029303702. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. Le Gro, William (1985). Vietnam from ceasefire to capitulation (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. ISBN 9781410225429. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. Whitlow, Robert (1977). U.S. Marines In Vietnam: The Advisory And Combat Assistance Era, 1954-1964. United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division. ISBN 9781494285296. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. Clarke, Jeffrey (1998). The U.S. Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965-1973 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-1518612619. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. "Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary March 1968" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 25 May 1968. p. 22. Retrieved 14 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. "Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary October 1969" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 1 January 1970. p. 37. Retrieved 25 March 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. Ngo, Quang Truong (1980). The Easter Offensive of 1972 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. Viet, Ha (2008). Steel and Blood, South Vietnamese Armor and the War for Southeast Asia. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591149194.
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