1988 VFL season

The 1988 Victorian Football League season was the 92nd season of the elite Australian rules football competition. This season commenced in April 1988 and concluded on 24 September 1988, with Hawthorn winning their seventh Premiership in their sixth consecutive Grand Final appearance. After a one year break that saw the league being broadcast nationally on the ABC network (and in Brisbane by then TVQ-0), the league returned to the network wherein its television success began, the Seven Network.

1988 VFL Premiership season
Teams14
PremiersHawthorn
(7th premiership)
Minor premiersHawthorn
(6th minor premiership)
pre-season cupHawthorn
(1st pre-season cup win)
Matches played160
Attendance3,528,878 (22,055 per match)
Highest attendance93,754 (Grand Final, Hawthorn vs. Melbourne)
Coleman MedallistJason Dunstall (Hawthorn)
Brownlow MedallistGerard Healy (Sydney)

Night series

Hawthorn 10.10 (70) defeated Geelong 9.13 (67) in the Night Series, which for the first time was played entirely as a pre-season competition, rather than a concurrent competition to the Premiership season.

Premiership season

Round 1

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Geelong 11.17 (83) West Coast 14.20 (104) Kardinia Park 20,981 2 April 1988
Essendon 25.14 (164) North Melbourne 12.10 (82) Windy Hill 18,390 2 April 1988
Carlton 18.18 (126) Hawthorn 15.21 (111) Princes Park 28,141 2 April 1988
Brisbane Bears 10.15 (75) Collingwood 11.17 (83) Carrara Stadium 11,306 3 April 1988
Fitzroy 20.20 (140) St Kilda 17.16 (118) Princes Park 18,774 4 April 1988
Richmond 16.12 (108) Melbourne 23.16 (154) MCG 34,824 4 April 1988
Footscray 16.6 (102) Sydney 11.10 (76) VFL Park 18,980 4 April 1988

Round 2

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
West Coast 26.19 (175) Essendon 11.10 (76) WACA Ground 24,886 8 April 1988
Footscray 9.12 (66) Melbourne 13.8 (86) Western Oval 15,693 9 April 1988
Collingwood 15.12 (102) Fitzroy 9.16 (70) Victoria Park 26,158 9 April 1988
North Melbourne 20.7 (127) Geelong 21.16 (142) MCG 15,233 9 April 1988
Carlton 19.15 (129) Brisbane Bears 7.19 (61) Princes Park 16,891 9 April 1988
Hawthorn 26.15 (171) Richmond 12.14 (86) VFL Park 18,082 9 April 1988
Sydney 9.12 (66) St Kilda 7.13 (55) SCG 9,000 10 April 1988

Round 3

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Hawthorn 17.12 (114) Sydney 13.15 (93) Princes Park 9,921 16 April 1988
St Kilda 17.6 (108) North Melbourne 11.16 (82) Moorabbin Oval 16,573 16 April 1988
Melbourne 9.18 (72) Geelong 9.10 (64) MCG 30,870 16 April 1988
Footscray 16.12 (108) Fitzroy 7.15 (57) Western Oval 12,683 16 April 1988
Essendon 11.13 (79) Carlton 23.13 (151) Windy Hill 21,311 16 April 1988
Richmond 12.8 (80) Collingwood 23.12 (150) VFL Park 34,444 16 April 1988
Brisbane Bears 10.14 (74) West Coast 29.18 (192) WACA Ground 16,354 17 April 1988

Round 4

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Melbourne 13.18 (96) Brisbane Bears 5.11 (41) MCG 18,908 22 April 1988
Collingwood 13.16 (94) West Coast 8.7 (55) Victoria Park 26,276 23 April 1988
Hawthorn 17.18 (120) Fitzroy 15.16 (106) Princes Park 13,299 23 April 1988
North Melbourne 19.11 (125) Footscray 13.9 (87) VFL Park 14,948 23 April 1988
Sydney 10.20 (80) Carlton 24.22 (166) SCG 16,091 24 April 1988
Richmond 11.16 (82) Geelong 24.17 (161) MCG 27,417 25 April 1988
St Kilda 10.9 (69) Essendon 14.7 (91) Moorabbin Oval 31,679 25 April 1988

Round 5

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
West Coast 14.16 (100) Footscray 14.9 (93) WACA Ground 17,662 29 April 1988
Fitzroy 12.19 (91) Richmond 23.15 (153) Princes Park 8,941 30 April 1988
North Melbourne 19.14 (128) Hawthorn 31.19 (205) MCG 15,438 30 April 1988
Geelong 17.14 (116) Essendon 13.14 (92) Kardinia Park 23,805 30 April 1988
St Kilda 12.12 (84) Brisbane Bears 13.15 (93) Moorabbin Oval 15,260 30 April 1988
Carlton 10.9 (69) Collingwood 14.13 (97) VFL Park 76,354 30 April 1988
Sydney 12.17 (89) Melbourne 17.14 (116) SCG 9,269 1 May 1988

Round 6

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
North Melbourne 17.21 (123) West Coast 17.8 (110) MCG 11,133 6 May 1988
Footscray 12.19 (91) Richmond 5.16 (46) Western Oval 12,374 7 May 1988
Carlton 10.12 (72) St Kilda 4.8 (32) Princes Park 15,812 7 May 1988
Melbourne 9.14 (68) Essendon 16.5 (101) MCG 34,679 7 May 1988
Collingwood 13.13 (91) Hawthorn 14.9 (93) VFL Park 53,184 7 May 1988
Geelong 16.15 (111) Sydney 17.12 (114) Kardinia Park 19,106 8 May 1988
Brisbane Bears 17.11 (113) Fitzroy 16.15 (111) Carrara Stadium 9,981 8 May 1988

Round 7

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
West Coast 17.10 (112) St Kilda 3.18 (36) WACA Ground 12,803 13 May 1988
Fitzroy 15.16 (106) Sydney 9.13 (67) Princes Park 8,568 14 May 1988
Melbourne 15.21 (111) Hawthorn 13.12 (90) MCG 34,773 14 May 1988
Essendon 17.17 (119) Collingwood 11.9 (75) Windy Hill 24,323 14 May 1988
Geelong 15.14 (104) Carlton 14.9 (93) VFL Park 26,372 14 May 1988
Brisbane Bears 10.12 (72) Footscray 9.17 (71) Carrara Stadium 10,898 15 May 1988
Richmond 11.7 (73) North Melbourne 22.18 (150) MCG 12,880 15 May 1988

Round 8

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Sydney 11.21 (87) Brisbane Bears 17.13 (115) SCG 13,322 20 May 1988
Fitzroy 12.17 (89) Melbourne 17.13 (115) Princes Park 12,997 21 May 1988
Essendon 20.17 (137) Richmond 13.11 (89) Windy Hill 14,520 21 May 1988
Collingwood 13.10 (88) Footscray 11.16 (82) Victoria Park 22,683 21 May 1988
Carlton 19.20 (134) North Melbourne 19.7 (121) VFL Park 22,978 21 May 1988
Geelong 16.12 (108) St Kilda 17.12 (114) Kardinia Park 20,345 22 May 1988
West Coast 9.9 (63) Hawthorn 17.14 (116) Subiaco Oval 27,024 22 May 1988

Round 9

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Essendon 29.20 (194) Brisbane Bears 8.6 (54) MCG 26,653 27 May 1988
Richmond 10.13 (73) Sydney 20.16 (136) MCG 11,468 28 May 1988
St Kilda 16.10 (106) Melbourne 11.12 (78) Moorabbin Oval 21,334 28 May 1988
Hawthorn 23.16 (154) Footscray 9.11 (65) Princes Park 12,786 28 May 1988
Geelong 20.13 (133) Fitzroy 15.10 (100) Kardinia Park 13,962 28 May 1988
North Melbourne 4.11 (35) Collingwood 11.17 (83) VFL Park 28,849 28 May 1988
West Coast 12.15 (87) Carlton 15.10 (100) Subiaco Oval 27,184 29 May 1988

Round 10

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Sydney 11.11 (77) Essendon 8.7 (55) SCG 14,753 3 June 1988
Fitzroy 24.13 (157) North Melbourne 18.16 (124) Princes Park 8,395 4 June 1988
St Kilda 17.19 (121) Hawthorn 21.11 (137) MCG 25,693 4 June 1988
Collingwood 10.11 (71) Melbourne 12.12 (84) VFL Park 61,163 4 June 1988
Richmond 16.20 (116) West Coast 10.15 (75) MCG 7,157 5 June 1988
Brisbane Bears 16.13 (109) Geelong 24.18 (162) Carrara Stadium 8,637 5 June 1988
Footscray 11.9 (75) Carlton 15.6 (96) Western Oval 17,515 5 June 1988

Round 11

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Sydney 18.24 (132) North Melbourne 19.11 (125) SCG 11,729 10 June 1988
Carlton 21.18 (144) Fitzroy 15.11 (101) Princes Park 21,900 11 June 1988
St Kilda 7.9 (51) Footscray 11.12 (78) VFL Park 24,149 11 June 1988
Brisbane Bears 23.13 (151) Richmond 15.13 (103) Carrara Stadium 13,222 12 June 1988
Melbourne 13.15 (93) West Coast 10.13 (73) MCG 28,045 13 June 1988
Hawthorn 17.16 (118) Essendon 10.8 (68) Princes Park 28,590 13 June 1988
Geelong 9.10 (64) Collingwood 16.7 (103) Kardinia Park 34,789 13 June 1988

Round 12

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Richmond 15.20 (110) Carlton 12.21 (93) MCG 19,458 17 June 1988
Footscray 7.14 (56) Geelong 3.12 (30) Western Oval 13,720 18 June 1988
North Melbourne 10.14 (74) Melbourne 7.19 (61) MCG 18,078 18 June 1988
St Kilda 3.12 (30) Collingwood 7.9 (51) Moorabbin Oval 23,880 18 June 1988
Hawthorn 10.20 (80) Brisbane Bears 2.5 (17) Princes Park 8,377 18 June 1988
Fitzroy 7.9 (51) Essendon 4.9 (33) VFL Park 18,854 18 June 1988
Sydney 14.20 (104) West Coast 8.13 (61) SCG 12,624 19 June 1988

Round 13

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Essendon 10.15 (75) Footscray 15.9 (99) Windy Hill 15,861 25 June 1988
Collingwood 9.14 (68) Sydney 2.11 (23) Victoria Park 23,031 25 June 1988
St Kilda 8.18 (66) Richmond 5.11 (41) Moorabbin Oval 17,770 25 June 1988
Hawthorn 17.10 (112) Geelong 12.15 (87) Princes Park 14,048 25 June 1988
North Melbourne 22.19 (151) Brisbane Bears 13.7 (85) MCG 7,764 25 June 1988
Melbourne 10.6 (66) Carlton 5.13 (43) VFL Park 37,953 25 June 1988
West Coast 17.19 (121) Fitzroy 13.9 (87) Subiaco Oval 14,827 26 June 1988

Round 14

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Sydney 13.18 (96) Richmond 19.17 (131) SCG 8,008 1 July 1988
Geelong 8.8 (56) Melbourne 13.11 (89) Kardinia Park 16,777 2 July 1988
Footscray 11.11 (77) Hawthorn 15.15 (105) Western Oval 14,338 2 July 1988
Essendon 16.16 (112) West Coast 13.7 (85) Windy Hill 10,274 2 July 1988
Fitzroy 10.11 (71) North Melbourne 15.20 (110) VFL Park 10,310 2 July 1988
Carlton 11.21 (87) Collingwood 16.14 (110) MCG 72,906 2 July 1988
Brisbane Bears 14.15 (99) St Kilda 12.17 (89) Carrara Stadium 10,394 3 July 1988

Round 15

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Melbourne 8.9 (57) Sydney 19.16 (130) MCG 20,269 9 July 1988
Fitzroy 21.16 (142) Collingwood 7.10 (52) Princes Park 13,961 9 July 1988
St Kilda 9.11 (65) Carlton 10.9 (69) Moorabbin Oval 15,416 9 July 1988
Footscray 12.8 (80) Richmond 8.7 (55) VFL Park 14,721 9 July 1988
Brisbane Bears 12.19 (91) Hawthorn 17.13 (115) Carrara Stadium 14,213 10 July 1988
West Coast 18.18 (126) Geelong 16.10 (106) Subiaco Oval 18,536 10 July 1988
North Melbourne 14.10 (94) Essendon 21.14 (140) MCG 26,755 10 July 1988

Round 16

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
West Coast 14.14 (98) Brisbane Bears 12.17 (89) WACA Ground 15,831 15 July 1988
Essendon 16.14 (110) Fitzroy 9.12 (66) Windy Hill 14,467 16 July 1988
Carlton 21.15 (141) Geelong 14.14 (98) Princes Park 17,821 16 July 1988
Melbourne 14.10 (94) Collingwood 6.12 (48) MCG 74,964 16 July 1988
Richmond 17.13 (115) St Kilda 15.8 (98) VFL Park 20,199 16 July 1988
Sydney 24.19 (163) Hawthorn 16.16 (112) SCG 14,591 17 July 1988
North Melbourne 12.14 (86) Footscray 16.17 (113) MCG 16,872 17 July 1988

Round 17

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Fitzroy 19.20 (134) West Coast 8.16 (64) MCG 7,611 22 July 1988
St Kilda 14.8 (92) Sydney 13.21 (99) Moorabbin Oval 11,657 23 July 1988
Collingwood 14.8 (92) North Melbourne 13.14 (92) Victoria Park 16,082 23 July 1988
Carlton 13.22 (100) Richmond 8.12 (60) Princes Park 17,503 23 July 1988
Geelong 17.13 (115) Footscray 10.9 (69) Kardinia Park 13,492 23 July 1988
Melbourne 10.8 (68) Hawthorn 21.11 (137) VFL Park 37,307 23 July 1988
Brisbane Bears 10.14 (74) Essendon 16.7 (103) Carrara Stadium 15,950 24 July 1988

Round 18

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Sydney 12.16 (88) Geelong 22.19 (151) SCG 12,228 29 July 1988
North Melbourne 16.13 (109) Richmond 21.14 (140) MCG 11,909 30 July 1988
Collingwood 16.18 (114) St Kilda 11.14 (80) Victoria Park 16,408 30 July 1988
Fitzroy 9.13 (67) Carlton 22.11 (143) Princes Park 15,467 30 July 1988
Hawthorn 12.16 (88) Essendon 9.8 (62) VFL Park 35,662 30 July 1988
West Coast 18.14 (122) Melbourne 11.12 (78) Subiaco Oval 16,188 31 July 1988
Footscray 11.18 (84) Brisbane Bears 5.13 (43) Western Oval 11,694 31 July 1988

Round 19

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Collingwood 18.14 (122) Brisbane Bears 11.10 (76) MCG 20,575 5 August 1988
Footscray 19.18 (132) St Kilda 9.9 (63) Western Oval 10,477 6 August 1988
Essendon 12.18 (90) Geelong 24.13 (157) Windy Hill 15,641 6 August 1988
Richmond 23.11 (149) Melbourne 20.11 (131) MCG 20,475 6 August 1988
Hawthorn 27.16 (178) Fitzroy 15.14 (104) Princes Park 12,836 6 August 1988
Carlton 11.13 (79) Sydney 15.17 (107) VFL Park 18,355 6 August 1988
West Coast 16.19 (115) North Melbourne 12.12 (84) Subiaco Oval 18,089 7 August 1988

Round 20

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Richmond 11.20 (86) Brisbane Bears 14.16 (100) MCG 15,026 12 August 1988
St Kilda 13.10 (88) West Coast 14.13 (97) Moorabbin Oval 11,074 13 August 1988
Carlton 20.21 (141) North Melbourne 20.17 (137) Princes Park 16,723 13 August 1988
Melbourne 14.16 (100) Footscray 17.8 (110) MCG 27,026 13 August 1988
Collingwood 10.14 (74) Essendon 10.13 (73) VFL Park 52,719 13 August 1988
Geelong 10.8 (68) Hawthorn 19.14 (128) Kardinia Park 22,000 14 August 1988
Sydney 24.16 (160) Fitzroy 14.13 (97) SCG 13,811 14 August 1988

Round 21

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
North Melbourne 16.17 (113) Sydney 14.17 (101) MCG 14,772 19 August 1988
Geelong 22.14 (146) Richmond 16.12 (108) Kardinia Park 14,338 20 August 1988
Fitzroy 19.13 (127) Footscray 17.11 (113) Princes Park 13,028 20 August 1988
Essendon 19.14 (128) Melbourne 13.12 (90) Windy Hill 19,863 20 August 1988
Hawthorn 18.15 (123) St Kilda 11.12 (78) VFL Park 19,222 20 August 1988
Brisbane Bears 14.13 (97) Carlton 13.22 (100) Carrara Stadium 16,727 21 August 1988
West Coast 16.15 (111) Collingwood 7.9 (51) Subiaco Oval 36,116 21 August 1988

Round 22

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Richmond 23.19 (157) Fitzroy 7.12 (54) MCG 19,496 26 August 1988
Hawthorn 28.16 (184) North Melbourne 13.11 (89) Princes Park 12,117 27 August 1988
Collingwood 19.15 (129) Geelong 14.10 (94) Victoria Park 19,813 27 August 1988
Melbourne 14.12 (96) Carlton 10.6 (66) MCG 50,178 27 August 1988
Essendon 12.12 (84) St Kilda 8.17 (65) VFL Park 26,134 27 August 1988
Brisbane Bears 11.11 (77) Sydney 10.21 (81) Carrara Stadium 12,718 28 August 1988
Footscray 3.11 (29) West Coast 7.11 (53) Western Oval 18,456 29 August 1988

Ladder

1988 VFL ladder
Pos Team Pld W L D PF PA PP Pts
1 Hawthorn (P) 22 19 3 0 2791 1962 142.3 76 Finals
2 Collingwood 22 15 6 1 1948 1728 112.7 62
3 Carlton 22 15 7 0 2342 1961 119.4 60
4 West Coast 22 13 9 0 2199 1966 111.9 52
5 Melbourne 22 13 9 0 2003 1961 102.1 52
6 Essendon 22 12 10 0 2186 2017 108.4 48
7 Sydney 22 12 10 0 2169 2176 99.7 48
8 Footscray 22 11 11 0 1880 1803 104.3 44
9 Geelong 22 10 12 0 2356 2246 104.9 40
10 Richmond 22 8 14 0 2161 2540 85.1 32
11 North Melbourne 22 7 14 1 2361 2638 89.5 30
12 Fitzroy 22 7 15 0 2128 2538 83.8 28
13 Brisbane Bears 22 7 15 0 1806 2421 74.6 28
14 St Kilda 22 4 18 0 1708 2081 82.1 16
Source: VFL ladder
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) percentage; 3) number of points for.
(P) Premiers.

Finals

Elimination finals

Home team Score Away team Score Venue Attendance Date
West Coast 10.11 (71) Melbourne 11.7 (73) Waverley Park 43,438 Saturday, 3 September

Qualifying final

Home team Score Away team Score Venue Attendance Date
Carlton 22.13 (145) Collingwood 16.11 (107) MCG 83,032 Sunday, 4 September

Semi finals

Home team Score Away team Score Venue Attendance Date
Hawthorn 9.12 (66) Carlton 6.9 (45) Waverley Park 60,052 Saturday, 10 September
Collingwood 12.10 (82) Melbourne 13.17 (95) MCG 87,407 Sunday, 11 September

Preliminary final

Home team Score Away team Score Venue Attendance Date
Carlton 14.14 (98) Melbourne 19.6 (120) Waverley Park 68,516 Saturday, 17 September

Grand Final

Home team Score Away team Score Venue Attendance Date
Hawthorn 22.20 (152) Melbourne 6.20 (56) Melbourne Cricket Ground 93,754 Saturday, 24 September

Player statistics and awards

Leading goalkickers

Name Club Goals
1 Jason Dunstall Hawthorn 132
2 Simon Beasley Footscray 82
- Gary Ablett Geelong 82
4 Brian Taylor Collingwood 73
- Ross Glendinning West Coast 73

Brownlow Medal count

Name Club Votes
1 Gerard Healy Sydney 20
2 Simon Madden Essendon 16
- Jason Dunstall Hawthorn 16
4 Tony Hall Hawthorn 15
5 Darren Millane Collingwood 14
- Darren Kappler Fitzroy 14
- Peter Foster Footscray 14
  • The Leigh Matthews Trophy was awarded to Gerard Healy of the Sydney Swans.
  • The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Gary Ayres of Hawthorn.
  • The under 19's premiership won by North Melbourne
  • The reserves premiership won by Footscray
  • The seniors premiership won by Hawthorn
  • North Melbourne 18.16 (124) defeated Essendon 06.05 (41) in the under 19's grand final, held as a curtain-raiser to the reserves grand final on 24 September at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.
  • Footscray 17.14 (116) defeated North Melbourne 14.12 (96) in the reserves Grand Final, held as a curtain-raiser to the seniors Grand Final on 24 September at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.[1]

Notable events

  • Three new rules aimed at encouraging a long-kicking style of play were introduced. These were:[2]
    • The length of the 15-metre penalty for wasting an opponent's time after he takes a mark was increased to fifty metres.
    • Players were required to take a kick if awarded a free kick. If the player played on by handpass, the ball would be returned for a ball-up; the penalty for playing on was originally a free kick to the opposition, but this was commuted to a ball up after proving unpopular during pre-season trials.
    • The full-back was required to kick the ball over a distance of at least two metres when kicking in after a behind.
  • The VFL banned lace-up guernseys starting from this season after Robert Flower and Brian Wilson both suffered broken fingers when they became tangled in the laces during tackles.[3] A handful of players had been wearing the tight-fitting guernseys which were laced up in the front in recent years.
  • Brisbane Bears played two matches in Perth during the season. At the club's suggestion, Brisbane's home match against West Coast in Round 3 was moved from Carrara Stadium on the Gold Coast to the WACA Ground in Perth after persistent and heavy rain in south-eastern Queensland left the ground and its adjoining facilities unable to accommodate the game. Brisbane had expected the clubs' Round 16 match to be moved from Perth to the Gold Coast in return, only to discover that the league considered the Round 3 match a Brisbane home game, meaning that Brisbane would be required to travel for the Round 16 match in Perth as well.[4] The VFL later changed its rules to prevent a repeat of this situation.
  • The VFL took over the operation of the financially crippled Sydney Swans during the year until its parent company, Powerplay, could find a buyer for the franchise. The VFL bought the club for a nominal $10 on 9 May, taking on its operating costs but not its debts.[5]
gollark: Unless you do it really wrong and your computer explodes.
gollark: That is... a lot of cables.
gollark: The SSD one is generally just 2.5" and without antivibration stuff.
gollark: 3.5" is the right one for most HDDs.
gollark: You *can* get things to mount HDDs there, at least.

See also

References

  1. "Tattersalls Scoreboard". The Sun News-Pictorial (Grand Final Souvenir Liftout). Melbourne, VIC. 26 September 1988. p. 11.
  2. Daryl Timms (16 March 1988). "'Go' on footy rules". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 84.
  3. "Lace-ups get the boot". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. 12 June 1987. p. 80.
  4. Paul Cunningham (13 April 1988). "Ground bugbear". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 82.
  5. Michael Davis (10 May 1988). "$4m for the Swans". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 74.

Bibliography

  • Stephen Rodgers: Every Game Ever Played VFL/AFL Results 1897-1991 3rd Edition 1992. Penguin Books Australia ISBN 0-670-90526-7.
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