1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash

The 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash was an accident that occurred near Goldsboro, North Carolina, on 23 January 1961. A Boeing B-52 Stratofortress carrying two 3–4-megaton Mark 39 nuclear bombs broke up in mid-air, dropping its nuclear payload in the process.[2] The pilot in command, Walter Scott Tulloch, ordered the crew to eject at 9,000 feet (2,700 m). Five crewmen successfully ejected or bailed out of the aircraft and landed safely; another ejected, but did not survive the landing, and two died in the crash.[3] Information declassified in 2013 showed that one of the bombs came very close to detonating.[4]

1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash
One of the Mk 39 nuclear weapons at Goldsboro, largely intact, with its parachute still attached
Accident
Date24 January 1961
SummaryStructural failure
SiteFaro, Nahunta Township, Wayne County, 12 miles (19 km) north of Goldsboro, North Carolina
35.493041°N 77.859262°W / 35.493041; -77.859262[1]
Aircraft typeB-52G
OperatorStrategic Air Command, United States Air Force
Registration58-0187
Flight originSeymour Johnson Air Force Base
DestinationSeymour Johnson Air Force Base
Crew8
Fatalities3
Survivors5

Accident
Accident scene
Seymour Johnson AFB
North Carolina

The aircraft, a B-52G, was based at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in Goldsboro. Around midnight on 23–24 January 1961, the bomber had a rendezvous with a tanker for aerial refueling. During the hook-up, the tanker crew advised the B-52 aircraft commander, Major Walter Scott Tulloch, that his aircraft had a fuel leak in the right-wing. The refueling was aborted, and ground control was notified of the problem. The aircraft was directed to assume a holding pattern off the coast until the majority of fuel was consumed. However, when the B-52 reached its assigned position, the pilot reported that the leak had worsened and that 37,000 pounds (17,000 kg) of fuel had been lost in three minutes. The aircraft was immediately directed to return and land at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base.

As the aircraft descended through 10,000 feet (3,000 m) on its approach to the airfield, the pilots were no longer able to keep it in stable descent and lost control. The pilot in command ordered the crew to abandon the aircraft, which they did at 9,000 feet (2,700 m). Five men landed safely after ejecting or bailing out through a hatch, one did not survive his parachute landing, and two died in the crash.[3] The third pilot of the bomber, Lt. Adam Mattocks, is the only person known to have successfully bailed out of the top hatch of a B-52 without an ejection seat.[5][6] The crew's final view of the aircraft was in an intact state with its payload of two 3-4-megaton[lower-alpha 1] Mark 39 thermonuclear bombs still on board; however, the bombs separated from the gyrating aircraft as it broke up between 1,000 and 2,000 feet (300 and 610 m).

The aircraft wreckage covered a 2-square-mile (5.2 km2) area of tobacco and cotton farmland at Faro, about 12 miles (19 km) north of Goldsboro.[8] Three of the four arming mechanisms on one of the bombs activated after it separated, causing it to execute many of the steps needed to arm itself, such as charging the firing capacitors and deploying a 100-foot-diameter (30 m) parachute.

Bomb recovery

The first bomb that descended by parachute was found intact and standing upright as a result of its parachute being caught in a tree.[9] Lt. Jack ReVelle, the bomb-disposal expert responsible for disarming the device, stated that the arm/safe switch was still in the safe position, although it had completed the rest of the arming sequence.[10][11] The Pentagon claimed at the time that there was no chance of an explosion and that two arming mechanisms had not activated. A United States Department of Defense spokesperson stated that the bomb was unarmed and could not explode.[12] Former military analyst Daniel Ellsberg has claimed to have seen highly classified documents indicating that its safe/arm switch was the only one of the six arming devices on the bomb that prevented detonation.[2][12] In 2013, information released as a result of a Freedom of Information Act request confirmed that a single switch out of four (not six) prevented detonation.[13][lower-alpha 2][14]

EOD personnel work to recover the buried Mk. 39 thermonuclear bomb that fell into a Faro, North Carolina field in 1961.

The second bomb plunged into a muddy field at around 700 miles per hour (310 m/s) and disintegrated without detonation of its conventional explosives. The tail was discovered about 20 feet (6.1 m) below ground. Pieces of the bomb were recovered.[15] Although the bomb was partially armed when it left the aircraft, an unclosed high-voltage switch had prevented it from fully arming.[10] In 2013, ReVelle recalled the moment the second bomb's switch was found:[16]

Until my death I will never forget hearing my sergeant say, "Lieutenant, we found the arm/safe switch." And I said, "Great." He said, "Not great. It's on arm."

Air Force personnel working in an underground pit to recover parts of the MK-39 nuclear bomb

Excavation of the second bomb was abandoned as a result of uncontrollable ground-water flooding. Most of the thermonuclear stage, containing uranium and plutonium, was left in place, but the "pit", or core, of the bomb had been dislodged and was removed.[16] The United States Army Corps of Engineers purchased a 400-foot (120 m) circular easement over the buried component.[17][18] The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill determined the buried depth of the secondary component to be 180 ± 10 feet (54.9 ± 3.0 m).[15]

Consequences to B-52 design

Wet wings with integral fuel tanks considerably increased the fuel capacity of B-52G and H models, but were found to be experiencing 60% more stress during flight than did the wings of older models. Wings and other areas susceptible to fatigue were modified in 1964 under Boeing engineering change proposal ECP 1050. This was followed by a fuselage skin and longeron replacement (ECP 1185) in 1966, and the B-52 Stability Augmentation and Flight Control program (ECP 1195) in 1967.[19]

Later analysis of weapons recovery

Lt. Jack ReVelle, the bomb disposal expert responsible for disarming the device, claimed "we came damn close" to a nuclear detonation that would have completely changed much of eastern North Carolina.[11] He also said the yield of each bomb was more than 250 times the destructive power of the Hiroshima bomb, large enough to create a 100% kill zone within a radius of 8.5 miles (13.7 km).[16]

In a now-declassified 1969 report, titled "Goldsboro Revisited", written by Parker F. Jones, a supervisor of nuclear safety at Sandia National Laboratories, Jones said that "one simple, dynamo-technology, low voltage switch stood between the United States and a major catastrophe", and concluded that "[t]he MK 39 Mod 2 bomb did not possess adequate safety for the airborne alert role in the B-52".[4]

However, Michael H. Maggelet and James C. Oskins, authors of Broken Arrow: The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents, dispute this claim, citing a declassified report. They point out that the arm-ready switch was in the safe position, the high-voltage battery was not activated (which would preclude the charging of the firing circuit and neutron generator necessary for detonation), and the Rotary Safing Switch was destroyed, preventing energisation of the X-Unit (which controlled the firing capacitors). The tritium reservoir used for fusion boosting was also full and had not been injected into the weapon primary. This would have resulted in a significantly reduced primary yield and would not have ignited the weapon's fusion secondary stage.[20][21]

Legacy
Road marker in Eureka, NC, commemorating the 1961 B-52 crash.

In July 2012, the State of North Carolina erected a historical road marker in the town of Eureka, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the crash site, commemorating the crash under the title "Nuclear Mishap".[22]

gollark: So it works in about 30ms - perfectly okay - *without* the ts_headline, but takes about 30 seconds *with* it.
gollark: It gives a snippet of the page text basically.
gollark: It looks like it somehow incurs a "bitmap heap scan" and "nested loop" but I have no clue why.
gollark: I don't understand why including `ts_headline(pageText, query, 'MaxFragments=3,MaxWords=60')` suddenly makes Postgres decide to operate about 100 times slower on this.
gollark: You lose ubqoral then.

See also

Notes
  1. Some sources like Ralph Lapp say they were 24 megatons, but Hansen has stated that this is definitely an error, possibly caused by a decimal point being dropped.[7]
  2. There is some uncertainty as to which of the two bombs was closest to detonation, as different sources contradict one another over this point.

Footnotes
  1. "Whoops: Atomic Bomb dropped in Goldsboro, NC swamp". 8 December 2010.
  2. Schneider 1975, p. 28.
  3. Sedgwick 2008.
  4. "Goldsboro Revisited," The Guardian, 20 September 2013, accessed 20 September 2013.
  5. Mattocks 2011.
  6. Yancy 1961.
  7. Hansen 1990, p. 43.
  8. "AF Form 14 Report of Aircraft Accident". 24 January 1961. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Hoare, Callum (28 May 2020). "World War 3: How US dropped nuke 1000 times greater than atomic bomb in Air Force blunder". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Embedded media audio recording
  10. "Nuclear Mishap in Goldsboro". Broken Arrow: Goldsboro, NC (2000). Archived from the original on 18 June 2005. Retrieved 14 June 2005.
  11. Sharon 2012.
  12. Hanauer 1981, p. 28.
  13. Pilkington 2013.
  14. "Goldsboro revisited: account of hydrogen bomb near-disaster over North Carolina – declassified document". Guardian News. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  15. Hardy 2005.
  16. Tuttle 2013.
  17. Deed Book 581, Wayne County (NC) Courthouse: 89–91. 13 October 1962.CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  18. "Davis Family Easement". Ibiblio. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  19. Knaack 1988, pp. 276–277.
  20. Michael H. Maggelet and James C. Oskins (5 March 2013). "Goldsboro – 19 Steps Away from Detonation". Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  21. Michael H. Maggelet and James C. Oskins (2008). Broken Arrow – The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents. ISBN 978-1435703612.
  22. Shaffer 2012.

References

Further reading
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