1918 Argentine legislative election

The Argentine legislative elections of 1918 were held on 3 March. Voters chose their legislators and numerous governors, and with a turnout of 56.4%, it produced the following results:

Argentine Chamber of Deputies

Party/Electoral Alliance	Seats	Votes	%
Radical Civic Union (UCR)	56	12	367,263	47.1%
Conservative	19	9	76,864	10.8%
Democratic Progressive	14	6	57,826	7.4%
Dissident UCR (Santa Fe Province)	8	4	66,058	8.5%
Socialist	6	3	64,414	8.3%
Liberal Party of Corrientes	3	=	14,054	1.8%
Autonomist Party of Corrientes	3	=	8,759	1.1%
Others	11		108,759	13.9%
Invalid votes	-*-		16,750	2.1%
Total	120		780,747	100.0%

[1][2]

Argentine Senate

Party/Electoral Alliance	New Seats	Total
UCR	7	8 *
Liberal Party of San Luis	2	0 **
Popular Concentration (Santiago del Estero Province)	1	1
Conservative	0	5
Republican Party of Jujuy	0	2
Provincial Union (Salta Province)	0	2
Socialist	0	1
Other provincial parties	0	4
Seats left vacant		7
Total	10	30

[3] (*): The UCR total excludes three Senators barred until 1922.
(**): The two PLSL Senators were barred until 1923.

Background

President Hipólito Yrigoyen, elected in 1916 in the nation's first, free elections, responded (like numerous other administrations before his) to opposition with less than democratic means: the placing of provincial governments under federal intervention. His first target, Marcelino Ugarte, was the Conservative Governor of Buenos Aires Province (home to over one in three Argentines, and to most of the source of the nation's growing wealth, the Pampas); Ugarte's removal on April 24, 1917, would be followed by six others by the time the first Yrigoyen-era mid-term elections arrived a year later.[4]

The President's lack of support in Congress for these moves (which, on the Ugarte issue, lost a floor vote by 36 to 53), extended to other areas, including foreign policy. Congress rejected Yrigoyen's policy of neutrality, and approved a series of measures in support of the Allied Powers; indeed, the only significant presidential bill supported by Congress during the 1916-18 term was a modest, 5 percent export tariff enacted to finance needed rural public works. Rifts developed within the UCR, itself - notably in the important Santa Fe Province, where Governor Rodolfo Lehmann formed the Dissident UCR in protest over the President's policy over removing governors.[5]

Focused on the crucial Buenos Aires Province gubernatorial race, the UCR nominated one of their most prominent supporters from among the landed gentry, José Camilo Crotto. Crotto, a UCR activist from its earliest days in the 1890s, was a reformist who shared Yrigoyen's support for public works, farm credit, and de-monopolization of the province's vast rail network.[4] The economy, burdened by a shortage of capital and imported goods as a result of World War I, had begun to recover strongly by late 1917. This improvement took place despite an extensive strike in the critical rail transport sector, and turned the electoral tide in Yrigoyen's favor ahead of the March 1918 polls.[6]

Ultimately, the UCR repeated its performance in the 1916 legislative races, winning nearly half the vote, and gaining 12 seats. The results left them 5 short of an absolute majority;[2] but made temporary alliances feasible, and thus guaranteed the President's legislative agenda. Buenos Aires Province, the bulwark of conservative opposition, would have its first elected UCR governor with Crotto's defeat of Conservative candidate Alfredo Echagüe by 114,000 to 68,000, as well as an ample majority in the provincial legislature.[4] The UCR won in nearly every province in which elections were held in 1918, as well as in the City of Buenos Aires, where the formerly dominant Socialists (saddled by a break in party ranks) secured but 3 of the 9 seats at stake. Yrigoyen's most glaring defeat, in turn, came from Santa Fe, where Governor Lehmann's Dissident UCR won 4 of the 6 seats at stake.

Elections to the Senate, held in April, 1919, significantly enhanced the UCR's presence in the body, where opposition to Yrigoyen's populist agenda had been strongest. The party won 7 of the 10 seats at stake, including the crucial City of Buenos Aires seat (the only one not elected by provincial legislatures, until 2001), where Congressman Vicente Gallo, a veteran of the UCR's struggle for universal (male) suffrage from the 1890s, defeated the Socialists; Gallo, a founding member of the right-wing Argentine Patriotic League, benefited from a Red Scare that developed in the city during January's "Tragic Week" riots.[7] Five of these new Senators, however, including three from the UCR itself, and both San Luis Province Senators, were barred from taking their seats by President Yrigoyen's intervention decrees. They joined the numerous Governors so removed, and portended a deep schism in the party.[7]

Notes

1. Ministerio del Interior: Historia Electoral Argentina (in Spanish)
2. Nohlen, Dieter. Elections in the Americas : a data handbook. Oxford University Press, 2005.
3. Senado de la Nación: Histórico de Senadores Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
4. Walter, Richard. The Province of Buenos Aires and Argentine Politics, 1912-1943. Cambridge University Press, 1985.
5. Todo Argentina: 1918 (in Spanish)
6. Todo Argentina: 1917 (in Spanish)
7. Rock, David. Argentina: 1516-1982. University of California Press, 1987.