1077 Campanula

1077 Campanula, provisional designation 1926 TK, is a presumed Erigonian asteroid, approximately 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) in diameter, located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 6 October 1926, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany.[14] The asteroid was named after the bellflower Campanula.[3]

1077 Campanula
Shape model of Campanula from its lightcurve
Discovery [1]
Discovered byK. Reinmuth
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date6 October 1926
Designations
(1077) Campanula
Pronunciation/kæmˈpænjʊlə/[2]
Named after
Campanula (bellflower)[3]
1926 TK · 1957 AJ
1972 CB
main-belt · (inner)
Erigone [4]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc90.56 yr (33,077 days)
Aphelion2.8655 AU
Perihelion1.9220 AU
2.3938 AU
Eccentricity0.1971
3.70 yr (1,353 days)
218.36°
0° 15m 57.96s / day
Inclination5.3941°
346.20°
13.591°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
7.55±1.72 km[5]
9±2 km[6]
9.709±0.278 km[7][8]
3.847±0.002 h[lower-alpha 1]
3.850±0.001 h[9][10]
3.850486±0.000001 h[11]
3.85085±0.00005 h[6]
3.852±0.002 h[12]
  • (178.0°, 76.0°) (λ1/β1)[13]
  • (313.0°, 59.0°) (λ2/β2)[13]
0.225±0.017[7]
0.2253±0.0169[8]
0.33±0.12[5]
12.3[14][1]

    Classification and orbit

    Campanula is considered to be a member of the Erigone family (406),[4] which is named after 163 Erigone, while other sources classify it as a background asteroid, not associated to any known asteroid family.[15][13] It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,353 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 2 months after its official discovery observation.[14]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named for the bellflower Campanula. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).[3]

    Reinmuth's flowers

    Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).[16]

    Physical characteristics

    Campanula is an assumed stony S-type asteroid,[4] which is not in line with the darker C- and X-types seen among the Erigonian asteroids.[17]:23

    Rotation period and poles

    Several rotational lightcurves of Campanula were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.847 to 3.852 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 to 0.40 magnitude (U=3-/3/3/3).[6][9][10][12][lower-alpha 1] A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 3.850486 hours (U=n.a.), as well as two spin axis of (178.0°, 76.0°) and (313.0°, 59.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).[11]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to observations taken at the Balzaretto Observatory (A81) and the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Campanula measures between 7.55 and 9.709 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.225 and 0.33.[5][6][7][8] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.50.[4]

    gollark: *gasp*
    gollark: Okay, tomorrow.
    gollark: It doesn't have the death feature, goes in one direction, and doesn't really do anything to reduce lag.
    gollark: Someone else did a similar thing, look up factorio cellular automaton or something.
    gollark: It's actually really simple.

    See also

    Notes
    1. Higgins (2011) web: rotation period 3.847±0.002 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.40±0.02 mag. Quality code is 3–. Summary figures for (1077) Campanula at the LCDB.

    References
    1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1077 Campanula (1926 TK)" (2017-04-28 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    2. "campanula". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
    3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1077) Campanula". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 92. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1078. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    4. "LCDB Data for (1077) Campanula". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    5. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T.; et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 12. arXiv:1606.08923. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...63N. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    6. Franco, Lorenzo (April 2012). "Lightcurve Photometry and H-G Parameters for 1077 Campanula". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 39 (2): 67–69. Bibcode:2012MPBu...39...67F. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    7. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 20. arXiv:1109.4096. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    8. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
    9. Aymami, Josep Maria (January 2012). "CCD Photometry and Lightcurve Analysis of Main Belt Asteroids 1077 Campanula and 1151 Ithaka from Observatori Carmelita". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 39 (1): 29. Bibcode:2012MPBu...39...29A. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    10. Klinglesmith, Daniel A., III; Hendrickx, Sebastian; Madden, Karl; Montgomery, Samuel (July 2016). "Asteroid Lightcurves from Estcorn Observatory". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 43 (3): 234–239. Bibcode:2016MPBu...43..234K. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    11. Durech, J.; Hanus, J.; Oszkiewicz, D.; Vanco, R. (March 2016). "Asteroid models from the Lowell photometric database". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 587: 6. arXiv:1601.02909. Bibcode:2016A&A...587A..48D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527573. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    12. Stephens, Robert D. (January 2012). "Asteroids Observed from GMARS and Santana Observatories: 2011 July - September". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 39 (1): 11–12. Bibcode:2012MPBu...39...11S. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    13. "Asteroid 1077 Campanula – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
    14. "1077 Campanula (1926 TK)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    15. "AstDyS-2 data for (1077) Campanula". AstDyS – Asteroids Dynamic Site. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
    16. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1054) Forsytia". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 90. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1055. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    17. Nesvorný, D.; Broz, M.; Carruba, V. (December 2014). Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families. Asteroids IV. pp. 297–321. arXiv:1502.01628. Bibcode:2015aste.book..297N. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016. ISBN 9780816532131.
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