'Abd al-Ilah

'Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz, GCB, GCMG, GCVO (Arabic: عبد الإله‎; also written Abdul Ilah or Abdullah; 14 November 1913 – 14 July 1958), was a first cousin and brother-in-law of King Ghazi of Iraq. 'Abd al-Ilah served as regent for King Faisal II from 4 April 1939 to 23 May 1953, when Faisal came of age. He also held the title of Crown Prince of Iraq from 1943.[2]

'Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz
Crown Prince of Iraq
Regent of Iraq
Tenure	4 April 1939 – 2 May 1953
Monarch	Faisal II
Born	14 November 1913 Ta'if, Hejaz
Died	14 July 1958 (aged 44) Baghdad, Iraq
Spouse	Melek Khanum Faiza Khanum Hiyam Abdullah
House	House of Hashem
Father	Ali ibn Hussein
Mother	Nafissa Khanum
Religion	Sunni Islam[1]

'Abd al-Ilah was killed along with the rest of the Royal Family in the 14 July Revolution in 1958 that ended the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq. His body was mutilated, dragged across the streets of Baghdad, and eventually burnt.

Biography

'Abd al-Ilah (holding hat) at Mount Vernon in 1945

Son and heir of King Ali ibn Hussein of Hejaz, who was the elder brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, and brother of Aliya bint Ali. His family fled Hejaz, when Ibn Saud of Nejd usurped his father's authority.[2] 'Abd al-Ilah assumed power, in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, upon King Ghazi's death in an automobile accident. He served as Regent for the underage King Faisal II.[2]

1941 Iraqi coup d'état

During World War II, Abdul Ilah was deposed briefly by former Prime Minister Rashid Ali al-Kaylani. Rashid Ali led a pro-German coup d'état during World War II against 'Abd al-Ilah's pro-British government. After he fled the country, 'Abd al-Ilah was replaced as Regent by Sherif Sharaf. Sherif Sharaf was an aging, holy-minded relative of Faisal II. The deposed Regent spent his time with former Prime Minister Nuri al-Said as a refugee in Amman. 'Abd al-Ilah was a guest of Abdullah, the Emir of Transjordan.[3]

On 2 May, the United Kingdom launched offensive actions against the Iraqi rebels. On 26 May, The New York Times newspaper reported that 'Abd al-Ilah had called for an uprising of tribal and religious leaders to help him overthrow the insurgent government. He appealed specifically to the Iraqi people, the army and the police to accomplish "this heavy task".

By 2 June, Rashid Ali's "National Defence Government" had collapsed and Rashid Ali had fled to Iran. 'Abd al-Ilah returned to Baghdad and was restored as Regent.[4]

Working in tandem with Nuri al-Said, 'Abd al-Ilah pursued a moderate nationalistic approach while maintaining close ties to the Allies.[2]

In 1942, Wendell Willkie traveled to Britain and the Middle East as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal representative. In Iraq, Abdul Ilah held a lavish state dinner attended by Willkie.[5]

In 1945, 'Abd al-Ilah visited the United States. He was the honoree at the first state dinner hosted by the new American First Lady, Bess Truman.[6] The Regent of "friendly Iraq" was awarded a Legion of Merit military decoration by President Harry S. Truman.[7]

In 1953, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah stepped down when Faisal II came of age. But he continued to be a close adviser of the young King, and an advocate of a pro-Western foreign policy.

In 1955, Iraq adopted the Baghdad Pact (also known as the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO). The other members of the organization were Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The organization's headquarters were initially located in Baghdad.

In May 1957, Saud of Saudi Arabia made an eight-day visit to Iraq. He was met on his arrival by Faisel II, 'Abd al-Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said. It was the Saudi King's first ever visit to Iraq and it commemorated Iraq's membership in the Arab Federation and its break with the United Arab Republic of Gamal Abdel Nasser.[8]

14 July Revolution

Mutilated corpses of 'Abd al-Ilah (left) and Nuri al-Said (right)

During the 14 July Revolution, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, along with most of the Royal Family. On 14 July 1958, a coup d'état led by Colonel Abd al-Karim Qasim toppled the government and brought an end to the Iraqi monarchy. The body of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah was trailed on al Rashid street and was cut into pieces. According to the 21 July edition of Time magazine, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Middle East News Agency gleefully described the assassination of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah: 'The people dragged 'Abd al-Ilah's body into the street like that of a dog and tore it limb from limb.' Then the mobs burned the body.[9]

Military ranks and Awards

'Abd al-Ilah held the following ranks:

• Field Marshal, Royal Iraqi Army
• Marshal, Royal Iraqi Air Force
• Honorary Marshal, Royal Air Force

He was awarded the Legion of Merit (Chief Commander) on 1 June 1945.

• Poland (in exile): Order of the White Eagle, 1947

Hashemite genealogy

Hashemites[10][11]
} } Hashim (eponymous ancestor) Abd al-Muttalib Abu Talib Abdallah Muhammad (Islamic prophet) Ali (fourth caliph) Fatimah Hasan (fifth caliph) Hasan Al-Mu'thanna Abdullah Musa Al-Djawn Abdullah Musa Muhammad Abdullah Ali Suleiman Hussein Issa Abd Al-Karim Muta'in Idris Qatada (Sharif of Mecca) Ali Hassan (Sharif of Mecca) Abu Numayy I (Sharif of Mecca) Rumaythah (Sharif of Mecca) 'Ajlan (Sharif of Mecca) Hassan (Sharif of Mecca) Barakat I (Sharif of Mecca) Muhammad (Sharif of Mecca) Barakat II (Sharif of Mecca) Abu Numayy II (Sharif of Mecca) Hassan (Sharif of Mecca) Abdullah (Sharif of Mecca) Hussein Abdullah Muhsin Auon, Ra'i Al-Hadala Abdul Mu'een Muhammad (Sharif of Mecca) Ali Hussein (Sharif of Mecca King of Hejaz) Ali (King of Hejaz) Abdullah I (King of Jordan) Faisal I (King of Syria King of Iraq) Zeid (pretender to Iraq) 'Abd Al-Ilah (Regent of Iraq) Talal (King of Jordan) Ghazi (King of Iraq) Ra'ad (pretender to Iraq) Hussein (King of Jordan) Faisal II (King of Iraq) Zeid Abdullah II (King of Jordan) Hussein (Crown Prince of Jordan)

See also

• Central Treaty Organization
• Coup d'état of 1941

Notes

1. "IRAQ – Resurgence In The Shiite World – Part 8 – Jordan & The Hashemite Factors". APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map. 2005.
2. "'Abd al-Ilah". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
3. "Trouble in Paradise". TIME. 21 April 1941. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
4. Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.
5. "Points East". TIME. 28 September 1942. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
6. "Family at Home". TIME. 4 June 1945. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
7. "Talk & Ceremony". TIME. 11 June 1945. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
8. "Gathering of Kings". TIME. 25 May 1957. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
9. "Revolt in Baghdad". TIME. 21 July 1958. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
10. Kamal Salibi (15 December 1998). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
11. "Family tree". alhussein.gov. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2018.

Further reading

• Churchill, Winston (1985) [1950]. "Chapter 14: The Revolt in Iraq". The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-41057-6.
• O'Sullivan, Christopher (2012). FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-02524-1.