Cryptozoology

Cryptozoology is the study of or belief in cryptids, or species of animals for which no extant evidence of their existence have yet been found or proven, but are believed by some to exist; or species widely believed to be extinct, such as the Thylacine or Megalodon. Examples of such animals include Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, Yeti, Chupacabra, etc. and sometimes mythical creatures such as dragons or the perfect boy/girlfriend.

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“”These people call what they do cryptozoology. Zoology, meaning "the study of animals", and crypto, meaning "shit we made up".
—Penn Jillette[1]

However, some of the more believable former cryptids are not cryptids anymore, such as the okapi, coelacanth, or giant squid.[2] There are also some believable ones which have not been found yet, such as the high-finned sperm whaleFile:Wikipedia's W.svg. What makes the existence of these kinds of animals plausible is the fact that not every organism living on the planet has been recorded by science. Hence, many remote or poorly explored areas such as the Amazon rain forest or the deep ocean could harbor undiscovered species.

The term was coined by zoologist Bernard HeuvelmansFile:Wikipedia's W.svg to characterize the study of "hidden animals."[3] However Heuvelmans attributes coinage of the term to the late Scottish explorer and adventurer Ivan T. SandersonFile:Wikipedia's W.svg. [4] Heuvelmans' 1955 book On the Track of Unknown Animals traces the scholarly origins of the discipline to Anthonie Cornelis OudemansFile:Wikipedia's W.svg and his 1892 study, The Great Sea Serpent. [5]

Cryptozoology and science

Cryptozoology is not a clearly defined academic field which, for example, can be undertaken as a degree course: After all, it is difficult to scientifically examine the biology and behavior of a species that has no known living individuals, or a species that hasn't even been conclusively proven to exist. As such, cryptozoologists vary from highly qualified zoologists with an interest in unproven species, to amateur Bigfoot enthusiasts. Some follow the scientific method, while others clearly do not, and many are overly influenced by belief in cryptids. In these respects, cryptozoology is somewhat akin to ufology and various forms of paranormal research.

The more respectable end of cryptozoology tends to shy away from looking for the big-ticket mysterious animals in favour of examining species or habitats that have been studied in little depth. Zoological research turns up a wealth of new species every year, including mammals[6]. The application of genetic sequencing is a powerful tool in characterising species and has even shown some cryptids to be hiding in plain sight — what was once thought to be a single species turns out to be two, for example[7]. However, those cryptozoological discoveries don't have the same brand recognition as Bigfoot or Nessie and are generally ignored by the more excitable cryptozoologists right up until they find themselves having to defend the field as a whole from skeptics.

In recent years there has been some debate among the scientific community as to whether cryptozoology should be given greater recognition and be made the subject of deeper research, although consensus still tends to regard it as a pseudoscience because many of its practitioners rely on unscientific methods to "prove" their findings. Generally, even cryptozoologists themselves consider it a sub-discipline within zoology or biology, rather than its own distinct field.

One example of a serious scientist investigating cryptozoology is Charles Paxton of the Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling at St Andrews University, Scotland. A legitimate academic biologist whose expertise includes surveying fish and penguin populations[8], he has also published peer-reviewed studies on sightings of aquatic monsters.[9][10] His work includes a statistical analysis of sightings of the Loch Ness Monster.[11]

Examples of famous cryptids
For more information, see: Well-known cryptids

Bigfoot
See the main article on this topic: Bigfoot

Bigfoot, also known as Sasquatch, is a large hominid-like creature which allegedly inhabits the forests of the northwestern United States and British Columbia. Despite numerous claims of sightings, there have been no remains found or any kind of serious physical evidence. If Bigfoot exists, it's very good at cleaning up after itself, and identifying and avoiding hikers with good cameras.

Yeti
See the main article on this topic: Yeti

A large hominid similar to Bigfoot is said to inhabit high regions of the Himalayas. Some Nepalese have kept skin or hair samples of the creature; unfortunately, those tested to date have instead belonged to mundane animals such as goat and yak.

Loch Ness Monster
See the main article on this topic: Loch Ness Monster

The Loch Ness Monster, or "Nessie", is probably the best-known cryptid, due in part to the locals using it to promote tourism. The aquatic beast is said to live in Loch Ness, a body of water in the Scottish Highlands. Numerous blurry photos and videos exist, but physical evidence of its existence has yet to be found.

Skunk ape

The skunk ape is a beast that supposedly resembles an orangutan, and is claimed to inhabit the southeastern United States. Its name is based on its appearance and the terrible smell it is claimed to emit. Most sightings occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2000, photographs of the ape were sent anonymously to the Sarasota Sheriff's Department in Florida. In an accompanying letter, a woman claimed to have taken the photos in her backyard. She went on to describe the ape taking apples from a basket in her yard, and said that she thought it was an escaped orangutan.[12] The pictures closely resemble a chimpanzee engaged in a typical chimpanzee behavior known as "pant-hoot", casting a lot of doubt on the claim that the pictures are of the skunk ape.[13]

Malawi Terror Beast

Few cryptids have actually been confirmed to have killed people and still remain unidentified. The Malawi terror beast is one of them, and holy shit is it gnarly as hell. In the year 2003, an unidentified creature attacked and killed three people - two elderly women and a three-year-old baby - while brutally maiming as many as twenty others, some being left permanently disfigured.[citation needed] Victims had their skulls crushed, intestines and genitals eaten. Those who survived often lost both hands, feet, ears or eyes. One woman had her nose and mouth torn off. 4,000 fled their homes to get away from it.[citation needed] Locals believe it to have been the ghost of a beast reported to be a rabid hyena that was shot and killed after killing five people brutally and wounding several others, come back from the dead to extract revenge.[citation needed] A more rational explanation would be the wrong animal was killed and it was a rabid hyena, however, witnesses and residents who have seen the creature dispute this, claiming that the terror beast's legs were way too big to be a hyena's. Keep in mind, these people live in an area where they are very likely to come into contact with hyenas and thus would know what they are talking about.[14] The Malawi terror beast remains unsolved to this day, with a popular theory being a mutant hyena.[15]

Orang Pendek

A bipedal, ape-like creature with orange fur resembling that of an orangutan. It is reported to be found primarily on the island of Sumatra but also throughout Indonesia and Southeast Asia.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

Examples of non-famous no-longer-cryptids
For more information, see: Ex-cryptids

Australian snubfin dolphin

Mistakenly clumped into another, similar species of dolphin, this turned out to have some differences in skull and fin shape, and a third colour on its skin. [23]

Bili ape

A group of large, lion-killing apes from the Congo with physical and behavioral characteristics resembling both gorillasFile:Wikipedia's W.svg and chimpanzees although often described as larger than either. Their identity remained a mystery until 2006 when genetic testing confirmed that they were in fact eastern chimpanzees.[24][25][26][27]

Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor

This species of lizard managed to avoid formal identification until 2010[28], despite being part of the local indigenous population's regular diet.

Saola

The saola, siola, Vu Quang ox, spindlehorn, or Asian unicorn, is an elusive bovine that lives in the forests of Vietnam and Laos.[29] Skulls belonging to the species were seen by scientists in 1992[30], but no living specimen was seen by a scientist until 2013[31]. In 2010, a live animal was captured in Laos, but it died before government conservationists could release it into the wild[32]. The Saola is an interesting case because right up until it posed for the camera in the wild in 2013, the search for it followed the same pattern as the search for many other cryptids: bones, word-of-mouth from the locals, photographs by non-specialists and so forth.

And so on…

For the most part, the successes of cryptozoology tend to be rather dull. It takes a specialist in the field to get really, really excited by the discovery of a new species of worm. This is probably why the most spectacular (and hence the least probable) cryptids tend to get most of the media coverage.

gollark: What of the GTech™ contrasocietous chambers™?
gollark: You don't get secure systems by saying "let's just trust Jeff here".
gollark: Well, the energy thing is separate, but this is good security design, yes.
gollark: You can happily use it for non-adverserial non-anonymous transactions, though?
gollark: Because of being secure and anonymous...?

See also

References
  1. Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, episode 4.04, Cryptozoology
  2. 10 Animals Once Thought to be Mythical or Extinct by Dave Dickinson (November 29, 2011) Listosaur.com.
  3. Heuvelsmans, Bernard. "What Is Cryptozoology?" Crypto-zoology 1 (Winter 1982): 1-12.
  4. Heuvelmans, Bernard, 1968. In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents. New York: Hill and Wang.
  5. Heuvelmans, Bernard, 1959. On The Track Of Unknown Animals, New York: Hill and Wang.
  6. http://www.esf.edu/top10/01.htm
  7. http://www.livescience.com/47230-new-cape-wearing-dolphin-species-named.html
  8. Southwell, C., Paxton, C.G.M. & Borchers, D.L. (2008). Detectability of penguins in aerial surveys over the pack-ice off Antarctica. Wildlife Research 35(4), 349-357.
  9. Paxton, CG.M. (2009) The plural of “anecdote” can be “data”: statistical analysis of viewing distances in reports of unidentified giant marine animals 1758 – 2000. Journal of Zoology 279, 381 –387. 27.
  10. Paxton, C.G.M., Knatterud, E. & Hedley, S.L. (2005) Cetaceans, sex & sea serpents: an analysis of the Egede accounts of a “Most Dreadful Monster” seen off the coast of Greenland in 1734. Archives of Natural History 32, 1-9.
  11. Reviews – Charles Paxton – The vital statistics of the Loch Ness Monster, Edinburgh Skeptics, 2015
  12. http://www.lorencoleman.com/myakka.html
  13. Even bigfootencounters.com smells a rat
  14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2822123.stm
  16. Smith, Charles A. (1924-11-09). "Reported Find of Missing Link Will Be Probed". Nevada State Journal.
  17. Cremo, Michael A. and Richard L. Thompson. (1996). Forbidden Archaeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race. Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing.
  18. Martyr, Debbie (2003-10-01). "The Other Orang". BBC Wildlife. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 2005-05-30.
  19. "Explorers find 'perfect' yeti tracks". BBC News. 2001-10-30. Retrieved 2005-05-30.
  20. Green, David (2004-10-12). "Evidence of 'jungle yeti' found". BBC News. Retrieved 2005-05-30.
  21. Allen, Benedict (2002). Hunting the Gugu. Faber and Faber.
  22. Freeman, Richard (2004-04-01). "In Search of Orang Pendek". Fortean Times. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  23. Beasley, Isabel; Robertson, Kelly M. & Arnold, Peter W. (2005): Description of a new dolphin, the Australian Snubfin Dolphin Orcaella heinsohni sp. n. (Cetacea, Delphinidae). Marine Mammal Science 21(3): 365-400. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01239.x (HTML abstract)
  24. DNA tests solve mystery of giant apes, New Scientist (2006-06-30), subscriber-only but reported in Agence France Presse
  25. "Mystery Apes Are Chubby Chimps, Zoologists Find" ABC News Online (2006-06-29).
  26. "Bili ape myths". New Scientist. 2 September 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  27. Faris, Stephan. "Lost apes of the Congo A Time Reporter Travels Deep into the African Jungle in Search of a Mysterious Chimp Called the Lion Killer". Time Magazine (2005-01-17)
  28. Welton, L. J.; Siler, C. D.; Bennett, D.; Diesmos, A.; Duya, M. R.; Dugay, R.; Rico, E. L. B.; Van Weerd, M.; Brown, R. M. (2010). "A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation". Biology Letters 6 (5): 654–658. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0119. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2936141. PMID 20375042.
  29. See the Wikipedia article on saola.
  30. Dung, Vu Van; Giao, Pham Mong; Chinh, Nguyen Ngoc; Tuoc, Do; Arctander, Peter; MacKinnon, John (1993). "A new species of living bovid from Vietnam". Nature 363 (6428): 443. doi:10.1038/363443a0.
  31. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/13/saola-sighting-vietnam-rare-mammal
  32. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11328123
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