Overgeneralization
Overgeneralization is a logical fallacy that occurs when a conclusion about a group is drawn from an unrepresentative sample, especially a sample that is too small or too narrow. It is the opposite of slothful induction.
| Cogito ergo sum Logic and rhetoric |
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| Key articles |
| General logic |
| Bad logic |
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“”[Y]ou'll be familiar with the idea that a sample can be systematically unrepresentative: if you want to know about the health of the population as a whole, but you survey people in a GP waiting room, then you’re an idiot. |
| —Ben Goldacre |
The fallacy is an imprecision fallacy and an informal fallacy.
Alternate names
- argument by generalization
- argument/statistics from small numbers
- faulty generalization
- hasty conclusion
- hasty generalization
- inductive generalization
- insufficient sample
- insufficient statistics
- lonely fact fallacy
- over-generalization
- unrepresentative sample
Form
- P1: Sample S of population P has quality Q.
- P2: Sample S is not representative of population P.
- C: Population P has quality Q.
Examples
Limited sample size
- Three senior citizens died after receiving swine flu vaccine in 1976.
- Vaccines are bad for you.
What isn't stated is that 48,161,019 people were immunized, only 532 had any negative reactions after the vaccinations (.001%). Eventually 25 people had fatal reactions from Guillain-Barré syndrome, which was an unknown reaction to a relatively new vaccination at the time. By contrast it is estimated at least 50 million (high estimates put it at near 100 million) people died from the 1918 swine flu epidemic.
Non-representative samples
- There have been a number of scandals involving financial firms committing fraud.
- All financial firms and workers are thieves stealing money from society.
It is part of the spotlight fallacy to come up with a "sample", which is often utilized by economic conspiracy theorists.
Stereotyping is a type of overgeneralization based on characteristics held by a single person or a small selection of individuals. For example: demonization and bullshit used by racists and bigots.
- MS-13
File:Wikipedia's W.svg is an ultra-violent Central American criminal gang. Daesh is a Sunni Muslim terrorist organization. - The bullshit that "not all terrorists are Muslims, but all Muslims are terrorists."
- All Latinos are members of violent gangs (or to Stormfront all minorities).
As a defense for cranks
In a mixture with the association fallacy, overgeneralization has been used to ward off criticisms of wingnuts in an attempt to associate themselves with more mainstream groups. It is often used to portray the entire fringe group as "victims" of the attack, in order to motivate a larger group to respond in their defense.
- Stormfront and other neo-Nazi groups often try to portray attacks against their hate as an attack against all Caucasians or all Christians.
- Any criticism on fundamentalists is generalized to be about everyone who portrays that religion.[1]
- Survivalists often claim that criticizing their constant rants that the end of the world is nearly here is a criticism of making preparations for emergencies encouraged by governmental agencies. More sane people have started calling themselves "Preppers" in an attempt to stop this overgeneralization.
- In a
stunningnormal display of claiming to be a victim of media criticism, Sarah Palin has claimed that any criticism of what she says in a misogynistic attack against all women.[2][3][4]
External links
- See the Wikipedia article on Hasty generalization.
- See the Wikipedia article on Secundum quid.
- Fallacy: Hasty Generalization, Nizkor Project
- Hasty Generalization, Fallacy Files
- HASTY GENERALIZATION, Logically Fallacious
- Hasty Generalization, One Good Move