Lie detection

Lie detection is the ability to tell when a person's lying based on an idea of the principle of the lie. There are many different theories for how to detect lies that date back to at least ancient China and probably before. The most common way is the polygraph, which looks for changes in pulse and other bodily signals. Recently involuntary facial expressions have become a favored method of lie detection for law enforcement agencies. Various attempts to create a "truth serum" have also been explored by governments over the years; historically sodium amytal and pentothal were used.[1] It is alleged these drugs merely increase the reporting of any information, whether true or false.[2]

Style over substance
Pseudoscience
Popular pseudosciences
Random examples
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Other "ways" to detect liars
  • Their pupils dilate
  • They stop salivating
  • Their breathing becomes irregular
  • They look to the right
  • They look to the left
  • They become fidgety
  • They become unpleasant
  • They fail to make eye contact
  • Their voice rises in pitch
  • They pause before speaking
  • Intuition

The problem with most of these is that they are based on body reactions which can be controlled by a liar, or can be uncontrollable in someone telling the truth. For example, if you ask pressing questions and a person gets nervous because they don't like you getting in their face, it might look like they're lying when they just want to be left alone.

A few of these behaviors (like fidgeting and not making eye contact) are totally normal for people with disabilities like autism[3] or ADHD.

Ways which might actually work
  • If they are inconsistent
  • If they lack detail, and object to being asked for more
  • If they have more detail than they should remember or recall given the circumstances (a person being able to remember exactly what they did during a crime, down to how many steps they took during their alibi.)
  • If they say "I don't remember" or "I don't recall" about details they should remember (and they don't have a memory-related condition that explains it)

Microexpressions

Microexpressions are involuntary facial expressions that occur when someone is trying to hide how they are feeling, or is not aware of their own emotions.[4] These expressions can last as little as 1/25th of a second.[5] Charles Darwin wrote that facial expressions of emotion are universal, not learned differently in each culture; that they are biologically determined[6] The basic emotions appear to be amusement, contempt, embarrassment, anxiety, guilt, pride, relief, contentment, pleasure, and shame.[7] While Paul Ekman's work on these basic emotions has delivered robust evidence for microexpressions, the practical application of this research has been as of yet unsuccessful. Even professionally trained subjects do not fare much better than chance in detecting liars through the use of microexpressions. Regardless of this, programs based on reading microexpressions have recently been implemented in airport security. Only 1% of referrals resulting from this program have resulted in actual arrests, and these arrests are usually connected to criminal activity unrelated to terrorism.[8]

According to Paul Ekman, microexpression training can also be used medically to develop emotional facial detection for schizophrenic people.[9]

Certain drugs can affect emotional facial perception; MDMA for example makes it more difficult to detect fear.[10]

In science fiction

The use of microexpressions for law enforcement is explored in the novel 1984, where facial expressions are constantly monitored through video screens, to determine possible thought criminals through their face crimes.

gollark: How long until other "inharmonious relations" come up?!
gollark: I don't really trust you to deliver a remotely reliable server, given, well, the previous events, and the fact that you can apparently not agree on this.
gollark: G Ŋ Q
gollark: I thought 2G was being phased out.
gollark: I mean, my phone can get 3G at home.

See also

References
  1. http://socialistworker.org/2011/10/12/training-camp-for-dictators
  2. http://www.salon.com/2013/03/13/james_holmes_the_ethics_efficacy_of_truth_serum
  3. How to Interpret Autistic Body Language
  4. Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2012). Microexpression and macroexpression. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 2, pp.173-183).
  5. http://face.paulekman.com/aboutmett2.aspx
  6. Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray.
  7. Ekman, Paul (1999). "Basic Emotions". In T. Dalgleish and M. Power. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  8. Sharon Weinberger. (2010) Airport Security: Intent to Deceive? Nature, 465, pp. 412-415
  9. http://www.paulekman.com/micro-expressions/
  10. http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/12/17/drug-%E2%80%98ecstasy%E2%80%99-may-help-individuals-with-schizophrenia-autism/21876.html
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