Human brain size

Human brain size is a line of "evidence" often brought up by racialists and sexists, who attempt to prove that one race or gender is superior to another by advocating long-discredited 19th-century theories that brain size predicts intelligence.

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Studies in physical anthropology and neuroimaging have found that differences in average brain volume exist between various racial or ethnic groups,[1][2][3] but this variation has no relation to any difference in psychological traits or abilities. Despite having been repeatedly debunked, claims of a relationship between brain size and intelligence continue to appear in academic publications.

Arguments for racism

In the 1840s, Samuel George Morton attempted to prove that differences in average brain size demonstrated a racial hierarchy. Morton faked his results in order to support his racial prejudices.[4] Morton's methods and conclusions were imitated by various other scientific racists of the early twentieth century.[5][6] Papers by these authors are laden with the virulent bigotry that was commonplace in the Jim Crow era.

In the late 20th century, arguments for a racial hierarchy based on brain volume were resurrected by Pioneer Fund grantees such as Arthur Jensen, J. Philippe Rushton and Richard Lynn. These studies use modern IQ testing to argue for the same tired conclusions that were advocated by scientific racists of the Jim Crow era. An illustrative modern example is a 1990s paper by Arthur Jensen and Fred Johnson claiming that races differ in both average brain size and average IQ, but that when children of different races are matched for IQ, the differences in average brain volume disappear.[7] Like the "research" from the Jim Crow era, these claims are transparently advocating the pseudoscientific idea that race differences in average brain volume produce biologically innate differences in intelligence.

Arguments for sexism

A 2017 paper by Dimitri van der Linden, Curtis S. Dunkel and Guy Madison claims that larger average brain size among men makes men innately more intelligent than women.[8] All three of these authors are men. (You would never see a woman advocating such an idea, would you?) Like the racial claims about brain volume and IQ, any attempt to link brain size to differences in intelligence between genders is inherently ridiculous, because it relies on the discredited assumption that brain size predicts intelligence.

Notable claims

Outside of abnormalities, such as microcephalyFile:Wikipedia's W.svg, brain size is not statistically related to any measure of intelligence.[9] This should be obvious, because if such a relationship did exist, sperm whales would be more intelligent than humans! Nevertheless, various authors have made pseudoscientific claims of such a relationship.

While not overtly racial in nature, these claims are closely linked to modern scientific racism. Publications alleging such a relationship typically contain citations to hardcore racialists, who in turn cite these publications to advance their own theories. Notable examples of publications alleging relationship between brain volume and intelligence include the following:

  • A 2002 study by Daniëlle Posthuma, Eco J. C. De Geus, Wim F. C. Baaré, Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol, René S. Kahn and Dorret I. Boomsma claimed that the relationship between brain volume and IQ is entirely mediated by genetics.[10] This is among the most egregious of such papers, because while it assiduously avoids mentioning race, aside from that omission it is nearly indistinguishable from the racialist arguments about brain volume and intelligence. It is unclear whether Posthuma et al. were oblivious to their claim's ethical implications, or whether the claim was deliberately malicious.
  • A 2010 literature review by Ian Deary, Lars Penke and Wendy Johnson claimed that intelligence is correlated with both head size and intracranial volume.[11]
  • A 2015 meta-analysis by Jakob Pietschnig, Lars Penke, Jelte Wicherts, Michael Zeiler, and Martin Voracek claimed that intelligence correlates with brain volume. It also claimed that men have larger brains than women, but stopped short of saying that this makes men more intelligent.[12] This paper cites four(!) publications by despised and discredited white nationalist J. Philippe Rushton.
  • The 2015 textbook Experimental Psychology claimed that brain volume correlates with IQ, citing "research" by pseudoscientist Richard Haier.[13]
  • In Stuart Ritchie's 2015 book Intelligence: All that Matters, Ritchie says "There's little reason to doubt that larger brains mean better cognition"[14] and tries to cover his tracks by also saying, "(T)hose with bigger brains have higher IQs. This finding has been highly controversial, but it is now so well established and well replicated that it's pointless to deny it."[15]
  • A 2017 meta-analysis by Gilles Gignac and Timothy Bates claimed that brain volume and IQ have the preposterously high correlation of .40.[16]

All of the authors of the publications listed above are white, and most are cisgender and heterosexual white men. Consequently, the bias resulting from their privilege has caused them to subconsciously support white supremacy, and at a minimum they are blind to the ways that their loathsome statements have disparaged racial and sexual minorities. Some of these authors, such Ian Deary, Wendy Johnson, and Jelte Wicherts, have a long history of citing "research" by Pioneer Fund grantees, and their claims that brain volume correlates with IQ are most likely intended to covertly push a racialist agenda.

gollark: The params around the function are optional.
gollark: No they don't.
gollark: ++exec```haskellimport Data.Monoidimport Control.Applicativeimport Data.Listimport Control.Monadit = join.liftA2(<>)inits tailsmain = putStr $ it "gollark"```
gollark: ++exec```haskellimport Data.Monoidimport Control.Applicativeimport Control.Monadit = join.liftA2(<>)inits tailsmain = putStr $ it "gollark"```
gollark: Also I think you didn't apply it.

See also

References
  1. Ho, K-Ch, U. Roessmann, J. V. Straumfjord, and G. Monroe. "Analysis of brain weight. I. Adult brain weight in relation to sex, race, and age." Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 104, no. 12 (1980): 635-639.
  2. Beals, Kenneth L., Courtland L. Smith, Stephen M. Dodd, J. Lawrence Angel, Este Armstrong, Bennett Blumenberg, Fakhry G. Girgis et al. "Brain size, cranial morphology, climate, and time machines." Current Anthropology 25, no. 3 (1984): 301-330.
  3. Rao, Naren P., Haris Jeelani, Rashmin Achalia, Garima Achalia, Arpitha Jacob, Rose dawn Bharath, Shivarama Varambally, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian, and Phaneendra K. Yalavarthy. "Population differences in brain morphology: Need for population specific brain template." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 265 (2017): 1-8.
  4. Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. WW Norton & Company, 1996.
  5. Bean, Robert Bennett. "Some racial peculiarities of the Negro brain." American Journal of Anatomy 5, no. 4 (1906): 353-432.
  6. Mall, Franklin P. "On several anatomical characters of the human brain, said to vary according to race and sex, with especial reference to the weight of the frontal lobe." American Journal of Anatomy 9, no. 1 (1909): 1-32.
  7. Jensen, Arthur R., and Fred W. Johnson. "Race and sex differences in head size and IQ." Intelligence 18, no. 3 (1994): 309-333.
  8. van der Linden, Dimitri, Curtis S. Dunkel, and Guy Madison. "Sex differences in brain size and general intelligence (g)." Intelligence 63 (2017): 78-88.
  9. "Reading Skills". November 21, 2007.
  10. Posthuma, Daniëlle, Eco JC De Geus, Wim FC Baaré, Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol, René S. Kahn, and Dorret I. Boomsma. "The association between brain volume and intelligence is of genetic origin." Nature neuroscience 5, no. 2 (2002): 83.
  11. Deary, Ian J., Lars Penke, and Wendy Johnson. "The neuroscience of human intelligence differences." Nature reviews: neuroscience 11, no. 3 (2010): 201.
  12. Pietschnig, Jakob, Lars Penke, Jelte M. Wicherts, Michael Zeiler, and Martin Voracek. "Meta-analysis of associations between human brain volume and intelligence differences: How strong are they and what do they mean?" Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 57 (2015): 411-432.
  13. Kantowitz, Barry, Henry Roediger III, and David Elmes. Experimental Psychology, tenth edition. Nelson Education, 2015. page 47.
  14. Ritchie, Stuart. Intelligence: All that Matters. John Murray Learning, 2015. page 61.
  15. Ritchie, Stuart. Intelligence: All that Matters. John Murray Learning, 2015. page 74.
  16. Gignac, Gilles E., and Timothy C. Bates. "Brain volume and intelligence: The moderating role of intelligence measurement quality." Intelligence 64 (2017): 18-29.
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