Felony disenfranchisement

Felony disenfranchisement is excluding persons otherwise eligible to vote from voting due to a felony conviction.

Several close Republican seats in the 2014 US midterm elections, comparing margin of victory and felony disenfranchisement.

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Felony disenfranchisement can have serious effects on the vote because of the demographic makeup of felons. Take, for example, the United States, where African Americans and Hispanics make up over half of the convicted felons. They are largely male, and largely live in urban areas.[1] Removing their right to vote can have a huge impact on elections, especially closely-contested ones.

Felony disenfranchisement laws and effects are most pronounced in the United States. In several other countries such as France, Germany, Japan, Israel, Zimbabwe, Norway, Kenya, and Peru, convicted felons can vote unless their conviction is related directly to election fraud.

In the United States

There is no federal law regarding felony disenfranchisement,[note 1] so voting rights vary by state.[2] Only Maine and Vermont, however, grant complete voting rights for all kinds of criminals. Most other states bar convicted felons in particular ways, such as disallowing incarcerated people from voting (not all convicted felons need to serve time in prison), disallowing felons from voting until they complete their sentences (as well as some additional waiting time), or requiring a pardon from the governor. The United States has 12 states that bar people with convicted felonies from voting indefinitely for some crimes, or voting rights require a pardon from the governor. Iowa, Kentucky, and Virginia permanently disenfranchise these people if these people cannot get a governor's pardon.

Prior to the passage of Amendment 4 that granted ex-felons the right to vote in 2018,[note 2] Florida was the felon disenfranchisement capital of the US, having 1.5 million Americans who were unable to vote.[3] Overall, nearly 6 million people cannot vote in the US, making them the largest disenfranchised minority in the United States,[4] increased from 1.17 million in 1976.

Racist origins

See the main article on this topic: Jim Crow laws

“”[In 1861], as now, the negro was the prominent factor in the issue … And what is it that we want to do? Why it is within the limits imposed by the Federal Constitution, to establish white supremacy in this State … The justification for whatever manipulation of the ballot that has occurred in this State has been the menace of negro domination. … These provisions are justified in law and in morals, because it is said that the negro is not discriminated against on account of his race, but on account of his intellectual and moral condition.

—John B. Knox, president of the Alabama Constitutional Convention[5]

“”"The crime of wife-beating alone would disqualify sixty percent of the Negroes."

—John Field Bunting[5]

Much research has been dedicated instead to current impacts of felony disenfranchisement or the moral and philosophical arguments. Nevertheless, it shouldn't be surprising to discover that laws regarding criminalization of people tend to be very racist in origin. This was the case for several felony disenfranchisement laws throughout the United States[6][7] which were part of the overall trend of laws being more punitive for criminals after Reconstruction. The 1901 Constitution in Alabama aimed to established white supremacy in the United States without explicit laws that would run afoul of federal laws. Thus, John B. Knox, the president of the Constitutional Convention, tried to disenfranchise felons convicted of an intentionally vague crime of "moral turpitude".

African Americans currently remain the most disproportionate representation of disenfranchised felons, with over 7.4 percent of the African American population disenfranchised as opposed to 1.8 percent of the non-African American population.[4]

Arguments

Traditionally, Republicans support felony disenfranchisement while Democrats support granting convicted felons voting rights. Arguments for felony disenfranchisement usually have vengeance and appeal to emotion at their core such as "murderers who kill my family denied the victims the right to vote so murderers should not have the right to vote" (a flimsy analogy if you give more thought to it) or "it is morally wrong that criminals who failed society laws should participate in society".[8]

While it's appealing to think that thugs shouldn't vote, the crimes they commit are usually irrelevant to the kinds of candidates and propositions people with felony convictions support. Not only are these arguments dehumanizing, they also fail to consider how felonies are handed out, that some nonviolent crimes such as drug possession are considered felonies. Those opposed to granting convicted felons a right to vote also fear that they may be the difference in letting Republicans lose, though this operates on the faulty assumption that convicted felons all vote a particular way, and they try to spite and punish the Republicans who usually push for these laws. Additionally, felons are still expected to a degree to contribute to society as they're still taxed and expected to rejoin society and avoid recidivism. It's telling that the argument neglects the racial and income demographics of convicted felons that creates a possible chicken-and-egg result and that it relies on assuming suppressing votes is a good thing, especially when Republicans usually benefit from lower voter turnouts. Finally, it is overlooked that felony disenfranchisement has an ugly racist past when Black Codes tried to characterize all sorts of petty crimes as felonies to prevent blacks from voting. This is a problem of both characterizing such crimes as felonies and disenfranchising people.

How it works

The idea is not difficult to grasp: If you make all of the opposition convicted of something, none of them will be legally allowed to participate in the democratic process, be it voting or being a candidate (in some locations).

You, too, can establish absolute power for your party in a few easy steps!

1. Make things illegal that your allies usually don't do. Examples could include consumption of certain substances and things people do for fun like "kinky" sex (e.g., homosexuality, pornography or polygamy), or freedoms they took for granted.
2. Make your mantra "Tough on crime". Persecute Prosecute every last one of them!
3. The more opposition you manage to turn into convicted felons, the less opposition that can challenge you because they can't vote your guys out of office any more!
4. If it ever backfires on your party members, try to sweep that under the rug. After all, time heals most wounds, right? In case that didn't work, portray them as moles from the opposition.

Bonus: Since you are the one with the "Tough on crime" stance, you can issue directives for how your laws are executed. If you happen to be racist, let the more racist police force do the dirty work for you.

See also

• Homophobia
• Islamophobia
• Racism
• Xenophobia

Notes

1. Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment, however, had been loosely interpreted to allow felony disenfranchisement. One case in which this provision was invoked was in Richardson v. Ramirez in 1974.
2. In July 2020, however the Supreme Court let stand a lower court decision that bars felons from registering to vote if they did not pay the outstanding court-imposed fines.

References

1. http://www.cga.ct.gov/2008/rpt/2008-R-0008.htm
2. National Conference of State Legislatures. (December 21, 2018) Felon Voting Rights. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
3. Pilkington, E. (July 13, 2012). Felon voting laws to disenfranchise historic number of Americans in 2012. The Guardian. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
4. Uggen, C., Larson, R., Shannon, S. (October 6, 2016). 6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement, 2016 The Sentencing Project. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
5. Behrens, A., Uggen, C., Manza, J. (November 2003). "Ballot Manipulation and the 'Menace of Negro Domination': Racial Threat and Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States, 1850–2002" AJS. 109(3): 559–605
6. Staples, B. (November 18, 2014). The Racist Origins of Felon Disenfranchisement. The New York Times. Retrieved Jul6, 2019.
7. Taylor, J. (August 20, 2018). Jim Crow’s Lasting Legacy At The Ballot Box.
8. Lott, J. ,Jr. (April 11, 2019) Bernie Sanders Is Wrong: Felons Shouldn’t Vote from Prison.National Review Online.