Bra

A bra, short for brassièreFile:Wikipedia's W.svg, from Old French braciere, an interior garniture placed within the armor to help the defense of arms (bras in modern French means "arms")[1] is underwear that provides support and comfort for breasts. In the West, a predecessor garment to the bra originated in the 16th century in the form of a corset.File:Wikipedia's W.svg

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Reasons to use

The purposes of bras are the following:

  1. Bras, with padding, can more sharply define the shape of breasts.[2]
  2. Athletes use sports bras to minimize breast movement because breasts do get in the way and become a nuisance with a lot of movement.[3]
  3. Given how female nipples are censored in media, bras can prevent nipples from poking through the clothing, although band-aids are a good alternative.
  4. Bras and other feminine wear can lessen a trans woman's gender dysphoria.

Cancer scare

Written by Sydney Ross Singer and Soma Grismaijer, the 1995 book Dressed To Kill: The Link Between Breast Cancer and Bras asserts the hypothesis that bras cause cancer. This conclusion was reached through a variety of unscientific methods.

After publishing Dressed to Kill, Singer and Grismaijer wrote Get It Off!, another crank book that talks about the dangers of wearing bras,[4] and a series of other pseudoscience books in which they claim that sleeping on a tilted bed can prevent Alzheimer's disease,[5] that frequent defecation and urination can prevent many conditions such as prostate enlargement and menopausal symptoms,[6] and that high blood pressure is a "major medical scam" because "blood pressure measurements can be whatever the doctor wants them to be." so they are irrelevant and made to fake illness by big pharma[7]

Other books such as The Prevention and Complementary Treatment of Breast Cancer (1996), by Dr. med. Michael Schacter (of the Schacter Center for Complimentary Medicine),[8] and The McDougall Program for a Healthy Heart (1996), by Mary and John A. McDougall, claim that bras block lymphatic drainage and therefore preventing toxins from leaving the body which therefore can lead to cancer. [9]

Scientific reception
  • The US National Cancer Institute states that bras have not been shown to increase a woman's risk of breast cancer.[10]
  • The American Cancer Society says, "There are no scientifically valid studies that show wearing bras of any type causes breast cancer."[11] According to the American Cancer Society (ACS):

Their study was not conducted according to standard principles of epidemiological research and did not take into consideration other variables, including known risk factors for breast cancer.[9]

  • The U.S. National Institutes of Health states, "Breast implants, using antiperspirants, and wearing underwire bras do not raise your risk for breast cancer."[12]
  • In 2000, as a follow-up to misreporting of a UK study, British health professionals stated that bras cause no increase in breast cancer risk.[13][14]
  • A study conducted by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center found "no aspect of bra wearing, including bra cup size, recency, average number of hours a day worn, wearing a bra with an underwire, or age first began regularly wearing a bra, was associated with risks" of breast cancer.[15] The study included detailed studies of women's lifestyle and bra-wearing habits and found no correlation between bra use and cancer.[16][17]

The authors' proposal that bras block the lymphatic system which leads to accumulated toxins and cancer was likewise contradicted by scientific study. The National Institutes of Health examined cancer rates among women who had their underarm lymph nodes removed as part of melanoma treatment: "The surgery, which is known to block lymph drainage from breast tissue, did not detectably increase breast cancer rates, the study found, meaning that it is extremely unlikely that wearing a bra, which affects lymph flow minimally if at all, would do so."[17] This is is wrong based on existing data, both for standard and underwire bras.[18][19] Of course, our favorite Gwyneth Paltrow promoted this myth and other pseudoscience as well.[20] Further research has confirmed that bras do not lead to cancer.[15]

Breast sagging
“”A bra will hold up your breasts to give you the shape and look you want, but it can’t prevent further sagging, which is caused by age and gravity.
—Dr. Mills[21]

Despite dating as far back as the ancient Romans,[22] the common belief that ptosisFile:Wikipedia's W.svg (breasts sagging) can be prevented with bra use is not supported by any scientific evidence;[21][23] the only exception to this is sports bras.File:Wikipedia's W.svg Breast ptosis is a natural aging process[24] that is caused by a loss of skin elasticity, gravity, and intensive exercise; sports bras slow down ptosis because they reduce the stress and movement on breasts by limiting movement.

Contrary to previous belief,[3] a study demonstrates that compression sports bra are less effective than encapsulation sports bras, bras that are specially molded for the individual. Compression sports bras reduce movement in one plane while encapsulation sports bras reduce it in three.[25]

Comfort

Bras are widely used in modern day with the belief of providing comfort and support; however, wearing a bra can be uncomfortable, can irritate the shoulder and back skin (shoulder straps and bra hooks on the back can rub against the skin), and cause shoulder pain.[26][27] Widespread bra usage is out of the false assumption of necessity because of social and advertising pressures.[28][29] Bras have no medical purpose whatsoever,[30] their sole purpose being comfort for the individual, and according to a study conducted by Jean-Denis Rouillon on three hundred woman, it's not even necessary for that:[28]

[W]omen who didn't wear bras eventually developed muscles in their chest to act as natural support. In the women who wore bras, the support they provided was found to actually PREVENT muscles like these from growing.

Bra sizes

It's a common misconception that A, B, C, and D go from smallest breast size to biggest, according to two women that run the blog Big Cup Little Cup:[31]

So you think you know what a D cup looks like? It’s huge, of course, the biggest size they sell, aside from DD, which is just for celebrities and porn stars who have fake boobs.

And C? Well, that’s just on the larger side of average.

B? About a handful, small but just about right.

A? Small, and that’s that.

AA? Non existent.

NOPE, AFRAID NOT.

Sister sizes are bra sizes that are equivalent in volume but differ in band sizes.[32] 30D, 32C, 34B, and 36A all have the same volume but differ by cup shape.[32]

Feminist bra burning

The bra burning feminist of the 70s is prevalent in pop culture; however, they don't really exist. The misconception was started in the late 60s by misleading newspapers.[33][34] The reality is, however, that women threw items, including bras, in a trash can.

gollark: I don't have it set up with that yet, no.
gollark: Relative paths? Why‽
gollark: Secondly it always says something about japanese police and doesn't work when I view the page it serves.
gollark: Well, firstly, due to my stringent HSTS setup I cannot run blattidus directly exposed to the web as it doesn't have TLS yet. So I'm reverse proxying it.
gollark: Both, actually, I have MULTIPLE issues!

References
  1. https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/brassi%C3%A8re
  2. http://www.knowswhy.com/why-do-girls-wear-bras/
  3. http://www.calfreduction.net/content/healthy-breast%3A-why-you-should-wear-sports-bras-every-workout%3F
  4. Get It Off! Understanding the Cause of Breast Pain, Cysts, and Cancer, Illustrated with A Little Breast Play! ISBN=1-930858-01-9
  5. Get It Up! Revealing the Simple Surprising Lifestyle that Causes Migraines, Alzheimer's, Stroke, Glaucoma, Sleep Apnea, Impotence,...and More! ISBN=1-930858-00-0
  6. Get It Out! Eliminating the Cause of Diverticulitis, Kidney Stones, Bladder Infections, Prostate Enlargement, Menopausal Discomfort, Cervical Dysplasia, PMS, and More! ISBN=1-930858-02-7
  7. The Doctor Is Out! Exposing the High Blood Pressure, Low Thyroid and Diabetes Scams! ISBN=1-930858-04-3 (It's easy to see how high blood pressure has become a major medical scam.) [Sample quotation, page 12] (Blood pressure measurements can be whatever the doctor wants them to be.) [Sample quotation, page 14]
  8. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/gwyneth-paltrow-criticised-for-scaremongering-article-on-goop-suggesting-link-between-wearing-bras-a6703856.html
  9. Bras and Breast Cancer American Cancer Society
  10. Fact Sheet on Breast Cancer Risk Factors U.S. National Cancer Institute
  11. Disproven or Controversial Breast Cancer Risk Factors ACS (Sep 6 2017)
  12. Breast Cancer Information
  13. Claims of bra link to cancer dismissed BBC
  14. Don't burn your bra just yet Independent
  15. Bra Wearing Not Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case–Control Study by Lu Chen, Kathleen E. Malone and Christopher I. Li doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0414 (Published Oct 2014)
  16. Putting to rest the myth that bras can cause breast cancerThe Washington Post
  18. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-underwire-bras-cause-cancer/
  19. http://www.center4research.org/can-wearing-bra-cause-breast-cancer/
  20. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/gywneth-paltrows-goop-worst-advice-from-the-eccentric-lifestyle-website-a6704126.html
  21. http://www.health.com/breast-cancer/what-causes-breasts-to-sag
  22. Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," p. 143.
  23. http://www.prevention.com/health/sagging-breasts-myths
  24. "The 'Purpose' of the Bra" By Ken L. Smith Updated July 2015 http://breastnotes.com/aware/aware-bra.htm
  25. Scurr, Joanna C.; White, Jennifer L.; Hedger, Wendy (2010). "The effect of breast support on the kinematics of the breast during the running gait cycle". Journal of Sports Sciences 28 (10): 1103–9. PMID 20686995. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (September 23, 2007).
  26. www.womenshealthmag.com/health/wear-clothes-without-a-bra
  27. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-10-15/lifestyle/9110120446_1_sexual-activity-wearing-bras-sexual-aversion
  28. http://www.yourtango.com/2016293788/if-you-wear-bra-your-boobs-and-health-could-be-danger
  29. "Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book" by Susan M. Love, M.D.
  30. "The Complete Book Of Breast Care" by Niels H. Lauersen, M.D., Ph.D., & Eileen Stukane
  31. Big Cup Little Cup: UK Lingerie Blog, Warning: blog contains a lot of women in bras and panties, don't click.
  32. "Figleaves.com fitting room"["Figleaves.com fitting room" a "Figleaves.com fitting room" w]
  33. https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/red-hot-mamas/
  34. https://www.thoughtco.com/bra-burning-feminists-3529832
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