Amino acid

Amino acids are substances formed from molecules that consist of atoms from specific functional groups. They are the building blocks of protein molecules. Amino acids can be found inside all known organisms, and unique varieties can be created artificially.

Balls-and-sticks representation of aspartic acid, an amino acid.

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— Outline Only —
This article is only a brief description of the subject and is not intended to give a full explanation.
Check out the "see also" or "references" sections, or Wikipedia's article for more detail.

Chemistry

The name "amino acid" comes from the presence of two functional groups: an amine-group (-NH₂) and a carboxylic acid (-COOH). Any molecule containing both these groups is technically an amino acid, but the term is generally used for a selection of organic molecules of biological importance, such as glycine (H₂N-CH₂-COOH). These molecules differ by their side chains, which give each of them different chemical properties such as, for example, polarity (the property that governs whether the molecule is attractive to water or not; this property is important in protein folding as described below).

The amine group of an amino acid can chemically join to the acid group of another amino acid to form an amide bond. This enables long chains of amino acids to form. These amino acid based short polymers (chemical chains) are known as peptides and can vary in length from just two to several hundred or thousands (like proteins).

Stereochemistry

An important property of the natural occurring amino acids is their stereochemistry (the chemistry concerning space and the occupation thereof). The central carbon atom in the naturally occurring amino acids is chiral with four different groups attached to it.[1] These four different groups can be arranged differently in space to produce mirror images of each other, described in lay terms as left or right-handed in reference to how hands are essentially identical but mirror images that cannot be superimposed.

Implications of Stereochemistry

Almost all amino acids have the same absolute stereochemical configuration, the (S) configuration.[2] This is at odds with intuition that would suggest a 50:50 mixture of each, as both forms are of equal energy and with equal chemical properties, there is no way to distinguish between them without another chiral source.

Although stereochemistry can be conserved from chemical precursors, this doesn't fully explain where it initially came from, leading some people to conclude that there must be some form of design or creation going on. The naturalistic explanation of why one form was favoured over another is not fully formed, although creationists do neglect the presence of diastereoisomers (which occur when two stereoisomers interact and are not chemically or energetically equivalent) or the presence of other chiral agents such as polarised light.

Biology

In the genetic code made of DNA, a group of three nucleotides (a codon) encodes for a specific amino acid. As a ribosome moves along the DNA strand, a collection of codons will be read to produce a polypeptide. Sufficiently long chains, with the assistance of other enzymes, then fold up to become active proteins or other enzymes.

List of amino acids

Of the 20 amino acids existing (plus one special rare amino acid usually not counted), the human body can naturally synthesize 12 of them. This means the other 9 must be obtained from outside sources, i.e. by eating protein and then breaking those down in their components (namely the amino acids). Just about any protein source will have at least some amount of the essential amino acids in it; but if you subsist entirely on fats and carbohydrates (sugars) with no protein intake, you'll eventually get a protein deficiency condition such as Kwashiorkor (a protein malnutrition).

The 20 amino acids used in the translation (synthesis of proteins):

Amino acid	Three letter (one letter) abbr.	Chemical structure	Codons	Essential? [note 1]	Chiral? [note 2]
Alanine	Ala   (A)		GCU GCC GCA GCG	No	Yes
Arginine	Arg   (R)		CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG	No [note 3]	Yes
Asparagine	Asn   (N)		AAU AAC	No	Yes
Aspartic acid	Asp   (D)		GAU GAC	No	Yes
Cysteine	Cys   (C)		UGU UGC	No [note 4]	Yes
Glutamine	Gln   (Q)		CAA CAG	No	Yes
Glutamic acid	Glu   (E)		GAA GAG	No	Yes
Glycine	Gly   (G)		GGU GGC GGA GGG	No	No
Histidine	His   (H)		CAU CAC	Yes	Yes
Isoleucine	Ile   (I)		AUU AUC AUA	Yes	Yes
Leucine	Leu   (L)		UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG	Yes	Yes
Lysine	Lys   (K)		AAA AAG	Yes	Yes
Methionine	Met   (M)		AUG	Yes	Yes
Phenylalanine	Phe   (F)		UUC UUU	Yes	Yes
Proline	Pro   (P)		CCU CCC CCA CCG	No	Yes
Serine	Ser   (S)		UCU UCC UCA UCG AGC AGU	No	Yes
Threonine	Thr   (T)		ACU ACC ACA ACG	Yes	Yes
Tryptophan	Trp   (W)		UGG	Yes	Yes
Tyrosine	Tyr   (Y)		UAC UAU	No	Yes
Valine	Val   (V)		GUU GUC GUA GUG	Yes	Yes

Two special amino acids:

Amino acid	Codons (nucleotide triplets)	Essential?	Chiral?
Selenocysteine	UGA	No[note 5]	Yes
Pyrrolysine	UAG[note 6]	N/A	Yes

External links

• List of names found here
• Amino acid
• https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/05/020524072924.htm
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7067391_Is_there_a_twenty_third_amino_acid_in_the_genetic_code

Notes

1. Essential in this context means that the amino acids must be consumed as part of the human diet, they cannot be made (in humans) by converting one amino acid into another.
2. Technical word for "looks like a pair of gloves" (chiral molecules are like gloves in that they are made from all the same parts, but are mirror images of each other)
3. If you're an adult, it is not essential.
4. Cysteine can be essential in rare cases, but is usually not.
5. Selenocysteine is produced in humans. Normally, UGA means "stop", but through a complicated process, it will code for selenocysteine.
6. No, this isn't a mistake. Pyrrolysine is used in bacteria, not humans, where it is coded for using UAG.

References

1. With the exception of glycine, which is achiral due to having two identical groups attached to the central carbon atom.
2. With the exception of glycine because it is achiral and cysteine because its groups have a different priority in the system used to identify them.

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