Shortest universal maze exit string

Question

A maze on an N by N grid of square cells is defined by specifying whether each edge is a wall or not a wall. All outer edges are walls. One cell is defined as the start, and one cell is defined as the exit, and the exit is reachable from the start. The start and exit are never the same cell.

Note that neither the start nor the exit need to be on the outer border of the maze, so this is a valid maze:

A string of 'N', 'E', 'S' and 'W' indicates attempting to move North, East, South and West respectively. A move that is blocked by a wall is skipped without movement. A string exits a maze if applying that string from the start results in the exit being reached (regardless of whether the string continues after reaching the exit).

Inspired by this puzzling.SE question for which xnor provided a provable method of solving with a very long string, write code that can find a single string that exits any 3 by 3 maze.

Excluding invalid mazes (start and exit on the same cell, or exit not reachable from start) there are 138,172 valid mazes and the string must exit each of them.

Validity

The string must satisfy the following:

• It is composed of only the characters 'N', 'E', 'S' and 'W'.
• It exits any maze it is applied to, if started at the start.

Since the set of all possible mazes includes each possible maze with each possible valid starting point, this automatically means that the string will exit any maze from any valid starting point. That is, from any starting point from which the exit is reachable.

Winning

The winner is the answer that provides the shortest valid string and includes the code used to produce it. If more than one of the answers provide a string of this shortest length, the first to post that string length wins.

Example

Here is an example string 500 characters long, to give you something to beat:

SEENSSNESSWNNSNNNNWWNWENENNWEENSESSNENSESWENWWWWWENWNWWSESNSWENNWNWENWSSSNNNNNNESWNEWWWWWNNNSWESSEEWNENWENEENNEEESEENSSEENNWWWNWSWNSSENNNWESSESNWESWEENNWSNWWEEWWESNWEEEWWSSSESEEWWNSSEEEEESSENWWNNSWNENSESSNEESENEWSSNWNSEWEEEWEESWSNNNEWNNWNWSSWEESSSSNESESNENNWEESNWEWSWNSNWNNWENSNSWEWSWWNNWNSENESSNENEWNSSWNNEWSESWENEEENSWWSNNNNSSNENEWSNEEWNWENEEWEESEWEEWSSESSSWNWNNSWNWENWNENWNSWESNWSNSSENENNNWSSENSSSWWNENWWWEWSEWSNSSWNNSEWEWENSWENWSENEENSWEWSEWWSESSWWWNWSSEWSNWSNNWESNSNENNSNEWSNNESNNENWNWNNNEWWEWEE

Thanks to orlp for donating this.

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Leaderboard

Equal scores are listed in order of posting of that score. This is not necessarily the order that the answers were posted since the score for a given answer may be updated over time.

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Judge

Here is a Python 3 validator that takes a string of NESW as a command line argument or via STDIN.

For an invalid string, this will give you a visual example of a maze it fails for.

Answer 1

C++, 97 95 93 91 86 83 82 81 79 characters

NNWSWNNSENESESWSSWNSEENWWNWSSEWWNENWEENWSWNWSSENENWNWNESENESESWNWSESEWWNENWNEES

My strategy is fairly simple - an evolution algorithm that can grow, shrink, swap elements of and mutate valid sequences. My evolution logic is now nearly the same as @Sp3000's, as his was an improvement over mine.

However, my implementation of the maze logic is rather nifty. This allows me to check if strings are valid at blistering speed. Try to figure it out by looking at the comment, do_move and the Maze constructor.

#include <algorithm>
#include <bitset>
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
#include <random>
#include <set>
#include <vector>

/*
    Positions:

        8, 10, 12
        16, 18, 20
        24, 26, 28

    By defining as enum respectively N, W, E, S as 0, 1, 2, 3 we get:

        N: -8, E: 2, S: 8, W: -2
        0: -8, 1: -2, 2: 2, 3: 8

    To get the indices for the walls, average the numbers of the positions it
    would be blocking. This gives the following indices:

        9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27

    We'll construct a wall mask with a 1 bit for every position that does not
    have a wall. Then if a 1 shifted by the average of the positions AND'd with
    the wall mask is zero, we have hit a wall.
*/

enum { N = -8, W = -2, E = 2, S = 8 };
static const int encoded_pos[] = {8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28};
static const int wall_idx[] = {9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27};
static const int move_offsets[] = { N, W, E, S };

int do_move(uint32_t walls, int pos, int move) {
    int idx = pos + move / 2;
    return walls & (1ull << idx) ? pos + move : pos;
}

struct Maze {
    uint32_t walls;
    int start, end;

    Maze(uint32_t maze_id, int start, int end) {
        walls = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i) {
            if (maze_id & (1 << i)) walls |= 1 << wall_idx[i];
        }
        this->start = encoded_pos[start];
        this->end = encoded_pos[end];
    }

    uint32_t reachable() {
        if (start == end) return false;

        uint32_t reached = 0;
        std::vector<int> fill; fill.reserve(8); fill.push_back(start);
        while (fill.size()) {
            int pos = fill.back(); fill.pop_back();
            if (reached & (1 << pos)) continue;
            reached |= 1 << pos;
            for (int m : move_offsets) fill.push_back(do_move(walls, pos, m));
        }

        return reached;
    }

    bool interesting() {
        uint32_t reached = reachable();
        if (!(reached & (1 << end))) return false;
        if (std::bitset<32>(reached).count() <= 4) return false;

        int max_deg = 0;
        uint32_t ends = 0;
        for (int p = 0; p < 9; ++p) {
            int pos = encoded_pos[p];
            if (reached & (1 << pos)) {
                int deg = 0;
                for (int m : move_offsets) {
                    if (pos != do_move(walls, pos, m)) ++deg;
                }
                if (deg == 1) ends |= 1 << pos;
                max_deg = std::max(deg, max_deg);
            }
        }

        if (max_deg <= 2 && ends != ((1u << start) | (1u << end))) return false;

        return true;
    }
};

std::vector<Maze> gen_valid_mazes() {
    std::vector<Maze> mazes;
    for (int maze_id = 0; maze_id < (1 << 12); maze_id++) {
        for (int points = 0; points < 9*9; ++points) {
            Maze maze(maze_id, points % 9, points / 9);
            if (!maze.interesting()) continue;
            mazes.push_back(maze);
        }
    }

    return mazes;
}

bool is_solution(const std::vector<int>& moves, Maze maze) {
    int pos = maze.start;
    for (auto move : moves) {
        pos = do_move(maze.walls, pos, move);
        if (pos == maze.end) return true;
    }

    return false;
}

std::vector<int> str_to_moves(std::string str) {
    std::vector<int> moves;
    for (auto c : str) {
        switch (c) {
        case 'N': moves.push_back(N); break;
        case 'E': moves.push_back(E); break;
        case 'S': moves.push_back(S); break;
        case 'W': moves.push_back(W); break;
        }
    }

    return moves;
}

std::string moves_to_str(const std::vector<int>& moves) {
    std::string result;
    for (auto move : moves) {
             if (move == N) result += "N";
        else if (move == E) result += "E";
        else if (move == S) result += "S";
        else if (move == W) result += "W";
    }
    return result;
}

bool solves_all(const std::vector<int>& moves, std::vector<Maze>& mazes) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < mazes.size(); ++i) {
        if (!is_solution(moves, mazes[i])) {
            // Bring failing maze closer to begin.
            std::swap(mazes[i], mazes[i / 2]);
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

template<class Gen>
int randint(int lo, int hi, Gen& gen) {
    return std::uniform_int_distribution<int>(lo, hi)(gen);
}

template<class Gen>
int randmove(Gen& gen) { return move_offsets[randint(0, 3, gen)]; }

constexpr double mutation_p = 0.35; // Chance to mutate.
constexpr double grow_p = 0.1; // Chance to grow.
constexpr double swap_p = 0.2; // Chance to swap.

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    std::random_device rnd;
    std::mt19937 rng(rnd());
    std::uniform_real_distribution<double> real;
    std::exponential_distribution<double> exp_big(0.5);
    std::exponential_distribution<double> exp_small(2);

    std::vector<Maze> mazes = gen_valid_mazes();

    std::vector<int> moves;
    while (!solves_all(moves, mazes)) {
        moves.clear();
        for (int m = 0; m < 500; m++) moves.push_back(randmove(rng));
    }

    size_t best_seen = moves.size();
    std::set<std::vector<int>> printed;
    while (true) {
        std::vector<int> new_moves(moves);
        double p = real(rng);

        if (p < grow_p && moves.size() < best_seen + 10) {
            int idx = randint(0, new_moves.size() - 1, rng);
            new_moves.insert(new_moves.begin() + idx, randmove(rng));
        } else if (p < swap_p) {
            int num_swap = std::min<int>(1 + exp_big(rng), new_moves.size()/2);
            for (int i = 0; i < num_swap; ++i) {
                int a = randint(0, new_moves.size() - 1, rng);
                int b = randint(0, new_moves.size() - 1, rng);
                std::swap(new_moves[a], new_moves[b]);
            }
        } else if (p < mutation_p) {
            int num_mut = std::min<int>(1 + exp_big(rng), new_moves.size());
            for (int i = 0; i < num_mut; ++i) {
                int idx = randint(0, new_moves.size() - 1, rng);
                new_moves[idx] = randmove(rng);
            }
        } else {
            int num_shrink = std::min<int>(1 + exp_small(rng), new_moves.size());
            for (int i = 0; i < num_shrink; ++i) {
                int idx = randint(0, new_moves.size() - 1, rng);
                new_moves.erase(new_moves.begin() + idx);
            }
        }

        if (solves_all(new_moves, mazes)) {
            moves = new_moves;

            if (moves.size() <= best_seen && !printed.count(moves)) {
                std::cout << moves.size() << " " << moves_to_str(moves) << "\n";
                if (moves.size() < best_seen) {
                    printed.clear(); best_seen = moves.size();
                }
                printed.insert(moves);
            }
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

Answer 2

Python 3 + PyPy, 82 80 characters

SWWNNSENESESWSSWSEENWNWSWSEWNWNENENWWSESSEWSWNWSENWEENWWNNESENESSWNWSESESWWNNESE

I've been hesitant to post this answer because I've basically taken orlp's approach and put my own spin on it. This string was found by starting with a pseudorandom length 500 solution - quite a number of seeds were tried before I could break the current record.

The only new major optimisation is that I only look at one third of the mazes. Two categories of mazes are excluded from the search:

• Mazes where <= 7 squares are reachable
• Mazes where all reachable squares are on a single path, and the start/finish are not at both ends

The idea is that any string which solves the rest of the mazes should also solve the above automatically. I'm convinced this is true for the second type, but it is definitely not true for the first, so the output will contain some false positives that need to be checked separately. These false positive usually only miss about 20 mazes though, so I thought it'd be a good tradeoff between speed and accuracy, and it would also give the strings a little more breathing space to mutate.

Initially I went through a long list of search heuristics, but horrifically none of them came up with anything better than 140 or so.

import random

N, M = 3, 3

W = 2*N-1
H = 2*M-1

random.seed(142857)


def move(c, cell, walls):
    global W, H

    if c == "N":
        if cell > W and not (1<<(cell-W)//2 & walls):
            cell = cell - W*2

    elif c == "S":
        if cell < W*(H-1) and not (1<<(cell+W)//2 & walls):
            cell = cell + W*2

    elif c == "E":
        if cell % W < W-1 and not (1<<(cell+1)//2 & walls):
            cell = cell + 2

    elif c == "W":
        if cell % W > 0 and not (1<<(cell-1)//2 & walls):
            cell = cell - 2

    return cell


def valid_maze(start, finish, walls):
    global adjacent

    if start == finish:
        return False

    visited = set()
    cells = [start]

    while cells:
        curr_cell = cells.pop()

        if curr_cell == finish:
            return True

        if curr_cell in visited:
            continue

        visited.add(curr_cell)

        for c in "NSEW":
            cells.append(move(c, curr_cell, walls))

    return False


def print_maze(maze):
    start, finish, walls = maze
    print_str = "".join(" #"[walls & (1 << i//2) != 0] if i%2 == 1
                        else " SF"[2*(i==finish) + (i==start)]
                        for i in range(W*H))

    print("#"*(H+2))

    for i in range(H):
        print("#" + print_str[i*W:(i+1)*W] + "#")

    print("#"*(H+2), end="\n\n")

all_cells = [W*y+x for y in range(0, H, 2) for x in range(0, W, 2)]
mazes = []

for start in all_cells:
    for finish in all_cells:
        for walls in range(1<<(N*(M-1) + M*(N-1))):
            if valid_maze(start, finish, walls):
                mazes.append((start, finish, walls))

num_mazes = len(mazes)
print(num_mazes, "mazes generated")

to_remove = set()

for i, maze in enumerate(mazes):
    start, finish, walls = maze

    reachable = set()
    cells = [start]

    while cells:
        cell = cells.pop()

        if cell in reachable:
            continue

        reachable.add(cell)

        if cell == finish:
            continue

        for c in "NSEW":
            new_cell = move(c, cell, walls)
            cells.append(new_cell)

    max_deg = 0
    sf = set()

    for cell in reachable:
        deg = 0

        for c in "NSEW":
            if move(c, cell, walls) != cell:
                deg += 1

        max_deg = max(deg, max_deg)

        if deg == 1:
            sf.add(cell)

    if max_deg <= 2 and len(sf) == 2 and sf != {start, finish}:
        # Single path subset
        to_remove.add(i)

    elif len(reachable) <= (N*M*4)//5:
        # Low reachability maze, above ratio is adjustable
        to_remove.add(i)

mazes = [maze for i,maze in enumerate(mazes) if i not in to_remove]
print(num_mazes - len(mazes), "mazes removed,", len(mazes), "remaining")
num_mazes = len(mazes)


def check(string, cache = set()):
    global mazes

    if string in cache:
        return True

    for i, maze in enumerate(mazes):
        start, finish, walls = maze
        cell = start

        for c in string:
            cell = move(c, cell, walls)

            if cell == finish:
                break

        else:
            # Swap maze to front
            mazes[i//2], mazes[i] = mazes[i], mazes[i//2]
            return False

    cache.add(string)
    return True


while True:
    string = "".join(random.choice("NSEW") for _ in range(500))

    if check(string):
        break

# string = "NWWSSESNESESNNWNNSWNWSSENESWSWNENENWNWESESENNESWSESWNWSWNNEWSESWSEEWNENWWSSNNEESS"

best = len(string)
seen = set()

while True:
    action = random.random()

    if action < 0.1:
        # Grow
        num_grow = int(random.expovariate(lambd=3)) + 1
        new_string = string

        for _ in range(num_grow):
            i = random.randrange(len(new_string))
            new_string = new_string[:i] + random.choice("NSEW") + new_string[i:]

    elif action < 0.2:
        # Swap
        num_swap = int(random.expovariate(lambd=1)) + 1
        new_string = string

        for _ in range(num_swap):
            i,j = sorted(random.sample(range(len(new_string)), 2))
            new_string = new_string[:i] + new_string[j] + new_string[i+1:j] + new_string[i] + new_string[j+1:]

    elif action < 0.35:
        # Mutate
        num_mutate = int(random.expovariate(lambd=1)) + 1
        new_string = string

        for _ in range(num_mutate):
            i = random.randrange(len(new_string))
            new_string = new_string[:i] + random.choice("NSEW") + new_string[i+1:]

    else:
        # Shrink
        num_shrink = int(random.expovariate(lambd=3)) + 1
        new_string = string

        for _ in range(num_shrink):
            i = random.randrange(len(new_string))
            new_string = new_string[:i] + new_string[i+1:]


    if check(new_string):
        string = new_string

    if len(string) <= best and string not in seen:
        while True:
            if len(string) < best:
                seen = set()

            seen.add(string)
            best = len(string)
            print(string, len(string))

            # Force removals on new record strings
            for i in range(len(string)):
                new_string = string[:i] + string[i+1:]

                if check(new_string):
                    string = new_string
                    break

            else:
                break

Answer 3

C++ and the library from lingeling

Summary: A new approach, no new solutions, a nice program to play with, and some interesting results of local non-improvability of the known solutions. Oh, and some generally useful observations.

Using a SAT based approach, I could completely solve the similar problem for 4x4 mazes with blocked cells instead of thin walls and fixed start and exit positions at opposite corners. So I hoped to be able to use the same ideas for this problem. However, even though for the other problem I only used 2423 mazes (in the meantime it has been observed that 2083 are enough) and it has a solution of length 29, the SAT encoding used millions of variables and solving it took days.

So I decided to change the approach in two important ways:

• Don't insist on searching a solution from scratch, but allow to fix a part of the solution string. (That's easy to do anyway by adding unit clauses, but my program makes it comfortable to do.)
• Don't use all mazes from the beginning. Instead, incrementally add one unsolved maze at a time. Some mazes may be solved by chance, or they are always solved when the ones already considered are solved. In the latter case, it will never be added, without us needing to know the implication.

I also did some optimizations to use less variables and unit clauses.

The program is based on @orlp's. An important change was the selection of mazes:

• First of all, mazes are given by their wall structure and the start position only. (They also store the reachable positions.) The function is_solution checks if all reachable positions are reached.
• (Unchanged: still not using mazes with only 4 or less reachable positions. But most of them would be thrown away anyway by the following observations.)
• If a maze does not use any of the three top cells, it is equivalent to a maze that is shifted up. So we can drop it. Likewise for a maze that does not use any of the three left cells.
• It doesn't matter if unreachable parts are connected, so we insist that each unreachable cell is completely surrounded by walls.
• A single path maze that is a submaze of a bigger single path maze is always solved when the bigger one is solved, so we don't need it. Each single path maze of size at most 7 is part of a bigger one (still fitting in 3x3), but there are size 8 single path mazes that aren't. For simpliciy, let's just drop single path mazes of size less than 8. (And I'm still using that only the extreme points need to be considered as start positions. All positions are used as exit positions, which only matters for the SAT part of the program.)

In this way, I get a total of 10772 mazes with start positions.

Here is the program:

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <bitset>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <vector>
#include <limits>
#include <cassert>

extern "C"{
#include "lglib.h"
}

// reusing a lot of @orlp's ideas and code

enum { N = -8, W = -2, E = 2, S = 8 };
static const int encoded_pos[] = {8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28};
static const int wall_idx[] = {9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27};
static const int move_offsets[] = { N, E, S, W };
static const uint32_t toppos = 1ull << 8 | 1ull << 10 | 1ull << 12;
static const uint32_t leftpos = 1ull << 8 | 1ull << 16 | 1ull << 24;
static const int unencoded_pos[] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,3,
                                    0,4,0,5,0,0,0,6,0,7,0,8};

int do_move(uint32_t walls, int pos, int move) {
  int idx = pos + move / 2;
  return walls & (1ull << idx) ? pos + move : pos;
}

struct Maze {
  uint32_t walls, reach;
  int start;

  Maze(uint32_t walls=0, uint32_t reach=0, int start=0):
    walls(walls),reach(reach),start(start) {}

  bool is_dummy() const {
    return (walls==0);
  }

  std::size_t size() const{
    return std::bitset<32>(reach).count();
  }

  std::size_t simplicity() const{  // how many potential walls aren't there?
    return std::bitset<32>(walls).count();
  }

};

bool cmp(const Maze& a, const Maze& b){
  auto asz = a.size();
  auto bsz = b.size();
  if (asz>bsz) return true;
  if (asz<bsz) return false;
  return a.simplicity()<b.simplicity();
}

uint32_t reachable(uint32_t walls) {
  static int fill[9];
  uint32_t reached = 0;
  uint32_t reached_relevant = 0;
  for (int start : encoded_pos){
    if ((1ull << start) & reached) continue;
    uint32_t reached_component = (1ull << start);
    fill[0]=start;
    int count=1;
    for(int i=0; i<count; ++i)
      for(int m : move_offsets) {
        int newpos = do_move(walls, fill[i], m);
        if (reached_component & (1ull << newpos)) continue;
        reached_component |= 1ull << newpos;
        fill[count++] = newpos;
      }
    if (count>1){
      if (reached_relevant)
        return 0;  // more than one nonsingular component
      if (!(reached_component & toppos) || !(reached_component & leftpos))
        return 0;  // equivalent to shifted version
      if (std::bitset<32>(reached_component).count() <= 4)
        return 0;  
      reached_relevant = reached_component;
    }
    reached |= reached_component;
  }
  return reached_relevant;
}

void enterMazes(uint32_t walls, uint32_t reached, std::vector<Maze>& mazes){
  int max_deg = 0;
  uint32_t ends = 0;
  for (int pos : encoded_pos)
    if (reached & (1ull << pos)) {
      int deg = 0;
      for (int m : move_offsets) {
        if (pos != do_move(walls, pos, m))
          ++deg;
      }
      if (deg == 1)
        ends |= 1ull << pos;
      max_deg = std::max(deg, max_deg);
    }
  uint32_t starts = reached;
  if (max_deg == 2){
    if (std::bitset<32>(reached).count() <= 7)
      return; // small paths are redundant
    starts = ends; // need only start at extremal points
  }
  for (int pos : encoded_pos)
    if ( starts & (1ull << pos))
      mazes.emplace_back(walls, reached, pos);
}

std::vector<Maze> gen_valid_mazes() {
  std::vector<Maze> mazes;
  for (int maze_id = 0; maze_id < (1 << 12); maze_id++) {
    uint32_t walls = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i) 
      if (maze_id & (1 << i))
    walls |= 1ull << wall_idx[i];
    uint32_t reached=reachable(walls);
    if (!reached) continue;
    enterMazes(walls, reached, mazes);
  }
  std::sort(mazes.begin(),mazes.end(),cmp);
  return mazes;
};

bool is_solution(const std::vector<int>& moves, Maze& maze) {
  int pos = maze.start;
  uint32_t reached = 1ull << pos;
  for (auto move : moves) {
    pos = do_move(maze.walls, pos, move);
    reached |= 1ull << pos;
    if (reached == maze.reach) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

std::vector<int> str_to_moves(std::string str) {
  std::vector<int> moves;
  for (auto c : str) {
    switch (c) {
    case 'N': moves.push_back(N); break;
    case 'E': moves.push_back(E); break;
    case 'S': moves.push_back(S); break;
    case 'W': moves.push_back(W); break;
    }
  }
  return moves;
}

Maze unsolved(const std::vector<int>& moves, std::vector<Maze>& mazes) {
  int unsolved_count = 0;
  Maze problem{};
  for (Maze m : mazes)
    if (!is_solution(moves, m))
      if(!(unsolved_count++))
    problem=m;
  if (unsolved_count)
    std::cout << "unsolved: " << unsolved_count << "\n";
  return problem;
}

LGL * lgl;

constexpr int TRUELIT = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
constexpr int FALSELIT = -TRUELIT;

int new_var(){
  static int next_var = 1;
  assert(next_var<TRUELIT);
  return next_var++;
}

bool lit_is_true(int lit){
  int abslit = lit>0 ? lit : -lit;
  bool res = (abslit==TRUELIT) || (lglderef(lgl,abslit)>0);
  return lit>0 ? res : !res;
}

void unsat(){
  std::cout << "Unsatisfiable!\n";
  std::exit(1);
}

void clause(const std::set<int>& lits){
  if (lits.find(TRUELIT) != lits.end())
    return;
  for (int lit : lits)
    if (lits.find(-lit) != lits.end())
      return;
  int found=0;
  for (int lit : lits)
    if (lit != FALSELIT){
      lgladd(lgl, lit);
      found=1;
    }
  lgladd(lgl, 0);
  if (!found)
    unsat();
}

void at_most_one(const std::set<int>& lits){
  if (lits.size()<2)
    return;
  for(auto it1=lits.cbegin(); it1!=lits.cend(); ++it1){
    auto it2=it1;
    ++it2;
    for(  ; it2!=lits.cend(); ++it2)
      clause( {- *it1, - *it2} );
  }
}

/* Usually, lit_op(lits,sgn) creates a new variable which it returns,
   and adds clauses that ensure that the variable is equivalent to the
   disjunction (if sgn==1) or the conjunction (if sgn==-1) of the literals
   in lits. However, if this disjunction or conjunction is constant True
   or False or simplifies to a single literal, that is returned without
   creating a new variable and without adding clauses.                    */ 

int lit_op(std::set<int> lits, int sgn){
  if (lits.find(sgn*TRUELIT) != lits.end())
    return sgn*TRUELIT;
  lits.erase(sgn*FALSELIT);
  if (!lits.size())
    return sgn*FALSELIT;
  if (lits.size()==1)
    return *lits.begin();
  int res=new_var();
  for(int lit : lits)
    clause({sgn*res,-sgn*lit});
  for(int lit : lits)
    lgladd(lgl,sgn*lit);
  lgladd(lgl,-sgn*res);
  lgladd(lgl,0);
  return res;
}

int lit_or(std::set<int> lits){
  return lit_op(lits,1);
}

int lit_and(std::set<int> lits){
  return lit_op(lits,-1);
}

using A4 = std::array<int,4>;

void add_maze_conditions(Maze m, std::vector<A4> dirs, int len){
  int mp[9][2];
  int rp[9];
  for(int p=0; p<9; ++p)
    if((1ull << encoded_pos[p]) & m.reach)
      rp[p] = mp[p][0] = encoded_pos[p]==m.start ? TRUELIT : FALSELIT;
  int t=0;
  for(int i=0; i<len; ++i){
    std::set<int> posn {};
    for(int p=0; p<9; ++p){
      int ep = encoded_pos[p];
      if((1ull << ep) & m.reach){
        std::set<int> reach_pos {};
        for(int d=0; d<4; ++d){
          int np = do_move(m.walls, ep, move_offsets[d]);
          reach_pos.insert( lit_and({mp[unencoded_pos[np]][t],
                                  dirs[i][d ^ ((np==ep)?0:2)]    }));
        }
        int pl = lit_or(reach_pos);
        mp[p][!t] = pl;
        rp[p] = lit_or({rp[p], pl});
        posn.insert(pl);
      }
    }
    at_most_one(posn);
    t=!t;
  }
  for(int p=0; p<9; ++p)
    if((1ull << encoded_pos[p]) & m.reach)
      clause({rp[p]});
}

void usage(char* argv0){
  std::cout << "usage: " << argv0 <<
    " <string>\n   where <string> consists of 'N', 'E', 'S', 'W' and '*'.\n" ;
  std::exit(2);
}

const std::string nesw{"NESW"};

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  if (argc!=2)
    usage(argv[0]);
  std::vector<Maze> mazes = gen_valid_mazes();
  std::cout << "Mazes with start positions: " << mazes.size() << "\n" ;
  lgl = lglinit();
  int len = std::strlen(argv[1]);
  std::cout << argv[1] << "\n   with length " << len << "\n";

  std::vector<A4> dirs;
  for(int i=0; i<len; ++i){
    switch(argv[1][i]){
    case 'N':
      dirs.emplace_back(A4{TRUELIT,FALSELIT,FALSELIT,FALSELIT});
      break;
    case 'E':
      dirs.emplace_back(A4{FALSELIT,TRUELIT,FALSELIT,FALSELIT});
      break;
    case 'S':
      dirs.emplace_back(A4{FALSELIT,FALSELIT,TRUELIT,FALSELIT});
      break;
    case 'W':
      dirs.emplace_back(A4{FALSELIT,FALSELIT,FALSELIT,TRUELIT});
      break;
    case '*': {
      dirs.emplace_back();
      std::generate_n(dirs[i].begin(),4,new_var);
      std::set<int> dirs_here { dirs[i].begin(), dirs[i].end() };
      at_most_one(dirs_here);
      clause(dirs_here);
      for(int l : dirs_here)
        lglfreeze(lgl,l);
      break;
      }
    default:
      usage(argv[0]);
    }
  }

  int maze_nr=0;
  for(;;) {
    std::cout << "Solving...\n";
    int res=lglsat(lgl);
    if(res==LGL_UNSATISFIABLE)
      unsat();
    assert(res==LGL_SATISFIABLE);
    std::string sol(len,' ');
    for(int i=0; i<len; ++i)
      for(int d=0; d<4; ++d)
        if (lit_is_true(dirs[i][d])){
          sol[i]=nesw[d];
          break;
    }
    std::cout << sol << "\n";

    Maze m=unsolved(str_to_moves(sol),mazes);
    if (m.is_dummy()){
      std::cout << "That solves all!\n";
      return 0;
    }
    std::cout << "Adding maze " << ++maze_nr << ": " << 
      m.walls << "/" << m.start <<
      " (" << m.size() << "/" << 12-m.simplicity() << ")\n";
    add_maze_conditions(m,dirs,len);
  }
}  

First configure.sh and make the lingeling solver, then compile the program with something like g++ -std=c++11 -O3 -I ... -o m3sat m3sat.cc -L ... -llgl, where ... is the path where lglib.h resp. liblgl.a are, so both could for example be ../lingeling-<version>. Or just put them in the same directory and do without the -I and -L options.

The program takes one mandatory command line argument, a string consisting of N, E, S, W (for fixed directions) or *. So you could search for a general solution of size 78 by giving a string of 78 *s (in quotes), or search for a solution starting with NEWS by using NEWS followed by as many *s as you want for additional steps. As a first test, take your favourite solution and replace some of the letters with *. This finds a solution fast for a surprisingly high value of "some".

The program will tell which maze it adds, described by wall structure and start position, and also give the number of reachable positions and walls. The mazes are sorted by these criteria, and the first unsolved one is added. Therefore most added mazes have (9/4), but sometimes others appear as well.

I took the known solution of length 79, and for each group of adjacent 26 letters, tried to replace them with any 25 letters. I also tried to remove 13 letters from the beginning and from the end, and replace them by any 13 at the beginning and any 12 at the end, and vice versa. Unfortunately, it all came out unsatisfiable. So, can we take this as indicator that length 79 is optimal? No, I similarly tried to improve the length 80 solution to length 79, and that was also not successful.

Finally, I tried combining the beginning of one solution with the end of the other, and also with one solution transformed by one of the symmetries. Now I'm running out of interesting ideas, so I decided to show you what I have, even though it didn't lead to new solutions.