Framing Device

"Man, do you remember that article we wrote about framing devices?" "That was a damn good article. How did it go again?" "Well, I believe it went something like this..."

The Framing Device is a narrative technique in which a story is surrounded ("framed") by a secondary story, creating a story within a story, often through Separate Scene Storytelling. The inner story is usually the bulk of the work. The framing device places the inside story within a different context.

Framing devices typically involve outer-story characters as the audience of the inner story, such as a parent reading a bedtime story to a child. Other times, the outer-story character is the author of, or a performer in, the inner story. Occasionally, the inner story is a hallucination or delusion experienced by one of the outer-story characters.

The inner story does not need to be a work of fiction from an frame-story character's point of view: letters, journals, and memoirs can also be used as framing devices, often in the form of Day in the Life.

Anthologies and Clip Shows often use framing devices to connect the unrelated elements into a unified whole. The earlier "Treehouse of Terror" specials of The Simpsons use a framing device in this way, though the practice was eventually abandoned.

Occasionally, an entire series can use a persistent Framing Device, such as Cro, which was framed by a recently thawed mammoth, who was telling the stories which composed the bulk of each episode. A noteworthy example from the days of radio is Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar, whose stories were told in the form of explanations to a private detective's expense account. To a lesser extent, devices such as the Captain's Log can be viewed as a Framing Device, especially when (as in many Star Trek: The Original Series episodes) they appear to have been written after the fact.

The Framing Device is Older Than Dirt: It goes right back to the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt with the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor, c. 2300-2100 BCE. Sometimes the trope is written using nested framing devices that are several layers deep, as in the Arabian Nights. Frankenstein is framed by a story of an arctic expedition coming across the dying Dr. Frankenstein; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is framed by the mariner foisting his story on an unwilling wedding guest. One of the first (if not the first) examples in film is from The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, which (on a suggestion from Fritz Lang) framed the original story as a Flash Back in an asylum.

The technique sometimes seems to be a byproduct of an ancient notion that it was improper to waste people's time with lengthy fabrications.

This is frequently used as a technique to highlight that the narrator of the framed story is not the actual author, and so draw attention to the possibility of an Unreliable Narrator.

See Whole-Episode Flashback, Storybook Opening, and Nostalgic Narrator for more specific examples. When framing devices are stacked on top of each other, they create a Nested Story. If the existence of a framing device is used as a Plot Twist, we're dealing with a Nested Story Reveal. If the framing story is "I came across this story and decided to publish it", the author is invoking the Literary Agent Hypothesis.

Compare Intro-Only Point of View.

Examples of Framing Device include:

Anime

  • A particularly ingenious version of this is used in Martian Successor Nadesico, in an inversion of its Show Within a Show relationship with Gekiganger 3—it airs as an episode of Gekiganger in which its characters are watching Nadesico. It manages to lampshade the Recap Episode when one of the Gekiganger characters complains that nothing new happens in them, and it's an excuse for the production company to take a break.
  • Tenchi Muyo! Extra Chapter: Galaxy Police Mihoshi's Space Adventure (a.k.a. Mihoshi Special) is framed by Mihoshi telling the story to the other characters from the original OAV series. Most of the characters in the "inner" story are Alternate Continuity versions of them.
  • Baccano!! uses this both in the anime and the first of the Light Novels, though in different ways. The anime starts with the Vice President of the Daily Days and his young assistant trying to make sense the bizarre history of the last three years. The book starts with the conta è oro of the Martillo family (eventually revealed to be Firo rather than the assumed Maiza) relaying the 1930 story to a Japanese tourist in the present.
  • Monster opens with a passage from Revelations which puts the actions of the series it parallels in a very different context.
  • The story of the manga Not Simple is told as a reporter named Jim writes a book (also titled Not Simple) detailing the many trials of the protagonist's life.
  • Jing King of Bandits: Seventh Heaven is a 3-episode OVA series in which the first and third episodes act as a frame for the second one.

Comic Books

  • Conan by Dark Horse Comics. The actual stories are framed by the tale of an Eastern Prince of a less ancient (but still pre-Gutenberg) era that discovers the Nemedian Chronicles (maybe the "Know, o Prince" line gave them the idea).
  • Many horror comics had framing devices in which the comic had a "host" who would welceom the reader into their domain, and start to tell this month's story. EC Comics was best known for this, with their most famous being the Cryptkeeper. DC Comics used the device a lot, with most of their hosts going on to become supporting characters in The Sandman.
  • In All Fall Down, chapter two's funeral service frames a flashback to the heroes and villains' last hour of glory.

Film - Animated

  • Aladdin begins with a peddler selling a magic lamp and proceeding to tell the story of the fortune it brought its previous owner. The third film, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, ends with the same peddler bidding the viewers farewell with a reprise of Aladdin's opening song, "Arabian Nights."
    • One of the proposed (but unfortunatly rejected) ending of the framing device was revealing that the peddler was in fact the Genie. (which explains why only these two are four-fingered when everyone else is five: because they were the same character. It also explains why the peddler has the lamp, as obviously Aladdin wouldn't have sold or thrown away a memento of his best friend)
  • The children's movie Balto begins and ends with live-action sequences, where a grandmother is explaining to her granddaughter about the influenza epidemic that led to the creation of the Iditarod dog sled race in Alaska. The end sequence, where they visit the statue erected to honor the dogs who heroically brought the medicine the town needed, reveals that the grandmother is actually Rosie, the little girl who almost died.
  • The film Heavy Metal. The first segment of the movie has the Loc-Nar appearing to the little girl: the subsequent segments are the stories it tells her.
  • Used often in direct-to-video Barbie movies. For example, Barbie and the Diamond Castle frames the main plot as a story being made up by Barbie and Teresa for Barbie's sister Stacie.

Film - Live-Action

  • Most of the action in Buster Keaton's film Sherlock, Jr. is presented as the protagonist's dream, and at the end he wakes up.
  • The film Merlin's Shop of Mystical Wonders features an elderly man telling his grandson horror stories. This became especially surreal when the film got the Mystery Science Theater 3000 treatment, since Mystery Science Theater 3000 also uses a framing device (in this case, people held captive in a sadistic space-cinema), resulting in story within a framing device within a framing device!
  • The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is the first example of this in film, and carries the interesting little twist that the story Francis is telling the old man on the bench is a complete hallucination.
  • The Princess Bride (movie version) is framed as a book being read by a grandfather to his sick grandson.
  • The Framing Device in Titanic is elderly Rose telling her story.
  • Heathcliff: The Movie (released in 1986), in which the "stories" he tells to his nephews are actually select episodes taken from the TV show's first season (premiered in 1984).
  • Stand by Me is framed by the Writer (aka the adult Gordy) reacting to the news of his friend Chris being stabbed to death.
  • The movie adaptation of Of Mice and Men with Gary Sinise starts and ends with George on a train, recalling the events that led to Lenny's death.
  • The story of the Bell family in An American Haunting is told through a letter written in the 1800s that is found more than a century later.
  • The Usual Suspects is told as a testimony given by one of the story's main characters to the police who are interrogating him.
  • Edward Scissorhands (1990) by Tim Burton
  • Little Big Man is framed by the very elderly main character, Jack Crabb, being interviewed (in a nursing home) by a collector of oral histories, about his younger life.
  • The Autobiography Of Miss Jane Pittman is another interview-framed film. The interview takes place in 1962, when Miss Pittman is 110 years old. Her memories extend back to before the American Civil War.
  • Citizen Kane frames the story of Charles Foster Kane's life with the reporter's search to find out who or what "Rosebud" was.
  • Kind Hearts and Coronets is framed by the main character writing his memoirs as he waits in prison to be executed for a murder he did not commit. The memoir details the eight murders he did commit.
    • At the last minute he's reprieved, and walks out of the prison into a beautiful day, forgetting his confession in his cell.
  • 300 uses this coupled with Unreliable Narrator and possibly a kind of unreliable listener, as the events depicted in the FlashBacks are very over the top. The story is told by the sole surviving member of Leonidas' 300 Spartans, who was sent back to Sparta to tell the tale before the Final Battle. At the beginning we see him telling the story at a campfire before a group of Spartans, missing an eye (which he still has in the flashbacks). At the end we find he was telling it to inspire his men before the Battle of Plataea.
  • The Prestige features a framing device within a framing device, as Borden reads in Angier's diary about Angier reading his diary.
  • Mystery Team begins and ends with the Mystery Team investigating a case.
  • Big Trouble in Little China begins with old Egg Shen telling the entire story to a lawyer, but it's a pretty pointless sequence that has no consequences on the rest of the plot.

Literature

  • The short story How Kazir Won His Wife by Raymond Smullyan has a framing story in which a sorcerer on an island where the Knights and Knaves puzzle is implied to have occurred tells some travellers a story which he says is from the Thousand and One Nights. The sorcerer's story takes up most of Smullyan's story.
  • In Michael Ende's The Neverending Story, Bastian's story is initially used as a frame for Atreyu's, as Bastian reads a stolen storybook. When Bastian finds that the book he is reading contains descriptions of his own life and actions, the line between framing and framed story becomes blurry.
  • The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar by Roald Dahl has two layers of framing.
  • I, Robot, a collection of short stories by Isaac Asimov, uses the framing device of an interview with famed roboticist Susan Calvin to connect the various stories.
  • One Thousand and One Nights is a collection of Arabic folktales connected by a framing device. Shahryar has decided to marry (and execute) a new woman each day. His newest wife, Scheherazade prolongs her own life by telling her murderous husband fantastical stories, each of which ends with a promise of an even more amazing tale. Some of Scheherazade's stories are framing stories themselves; One Thousand and One Nights contains triple- and quadruple-nested framing devices. This made it dead easy for the Nights to be expanded with supplemental material over the course of its many editions.
  • Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales has the framing device of a group of pilgrims telling each other stories to pass the time on their journey.
  • It's possible that Chaucer was familiar with Boccaccio's Decameron, featuring a group of young men and women retreating to a country estate to avoid the plague and passing the time by telling stories as a framing device.
  • Tales of a Wayside Inn by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is about a set of literary companions meeting at an Inn and telling tales. As it happened the characters were the writer and several of his friends while the real inn is still open for business in New England.
  • Poul Anderson's The High Crusade uses this twice: the action is framed as being the chronicle written by a monk, which in turn is framed as a translation by a group encountering the subjects of the story.
  • Technic History by Poul Anderson is a history of the rise and fall of several civilizations within which short stories take place.
  • The book The Manuscript Found In Saragossa and its later adaption, The Saragossa Manuscript take this trope to extreme lengths, telling stories within stories within stories within stories. The initial Framing Device quickly disappears among the layers of narrative.
  • The Pink Carnation books, featuring the successor to The Scarlet Pimpernel, has a framing device in which a modern-day grad student in England is researching the Carnation's exploits, with the help of another spy's descendant.
  • Stephen King used a nursing home and the narrator's old, old age to frame his re-entries into the serial story of The Green Mile
  • Also by Stephen King, book 4 of The Dark Tower series, Wizard and Glass, is a back story told by Roland to his group.
    • Similarly, in the next book, Wolves Of The Calla, we get a another story within a story. This time, it's Pere Callahan explaining the to ka-tet what happened to him in-between 'Salem's Lot and now.
  • All William King's Space Wolf novels are framed - the first two as his flashbacks because something reminded him, and the third as his recounting to younger Marines an episode as an explanation.
  • Michael Crichton's The 13th Warrior is framed as an analysis of an ancient manuscript written by an Arab traveling to Scandinavia.
  • The Book of Lost Tales—the original draft of the book that would later be published as The Silmarillion—employs a Framing Device in which a Man from England, Ælfwine/Eriol, discovers the lost island of the Elves and is told the ancient tales of their folk by a succession of characters.
  • Lampshaded in a later chapter of Sophie's World. The Philosopher, after coming to the conclusion that they are characters in a book written by a UN Major for his daughter's fifteenth birthday, says that the latter two shouldn't get too cocky either, because even they themselves might be just a Framing Device... which they are, of course.
  • Many of Edgar Rice Burroughs' stories had introductions in which the story was said to be a manuscript written by a character.
  • Joseph Conrad's stories Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim both employ this: the former having the story told by Marlow to a group of people on a boat, the latter having the story told once again by Marlow first at a dinner party, then later through a letter. The second example is notable in that Marlow's recollections are mixed in with those of other people telling Marlow the details of Jim's various misadventures, which fits into the book's themes involving unreliable narrators.
  • Robin Hobb in her Farseer trilogy uses a framing device of the protagonist writing down his memoirs (which is probably the most common framing device of them all). It's played with a bit: the narrator makes occasional references implying that he's writing as an old man, housebound by the ravages of age. The end of the last book reveals that he's still quite young; his life has been that rough on him.
  • The same framing device is used in Mika Waltari's The Egyptian.
  • Plato's Symposium is doubly framed, with Apollodorus telling his companion a story that Aristodemus had told him, and which he had already told once to Glaucon. Then everyone gets drunk.
  • Dan Simmons' Hyperion is more or less explicitly based on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales IN SPACE!, down to the fact that the storytellers are on a pilgrimage. Literary allusions and Genius Bonuses abound. As it turns out, the stories framed all shed light on the frame story, and the sequel The Fall of Hyperion picks up from the end of the frame story.
  • "The Story of Samson Yakovlich" in The Death of the Vazir Mukhtar provides some backstory for one of the antagonists.
  • Jack Higgins' Second World War espionage thrillers The Eagle Has Landed and The Eagle Has Flown are framed by the conceit that Higgins himself has stumbled upon evidence of never-before-revealed plots from the war some 30 or so years later.
  • The Autobiography Of Miss Jane Pittman, a story about a 110 year old woman who lived from slavery to the civil rights movement, has a framing story that a teacher is interviewing Jane to tell his students about her.
  • The above mentioned Frankenstein actually has three framing devices: The monster is telling his story to Victor, who is telling it to Robert Walton, who's writing a letter to his sister.
  • World War Z is briefly framed as initially being for a report on the zombie war, but when the author handed it in to his superiors, they said it was too personal. So he made it into a book.
  • The Sherlock Holmes novels A Study in Scarlet and The Valley of Fear use the stories of Holmes solving a mystery as frames for the perpetrators telling their stories of why they done it.
    • Similarly, Holmes' investigation in the short story The Boscombe Valley Mystery is a Framing Device for a story about a soldier in India, and his involvement in The Adventure of the Gloria Scott is entirely incidental.
  • Shutter Island is presented as Dr. Sheehan's desire to set the record straight at last.
  • In the novel version of The Princess Bride, the actual author explains that he's condensing the original book, by "S. Morgenstern".
  • The Name of the Wind has Kvothe narrating his story to a scribe. The book is the first in a trilogy, and each book is a day's worth of narration.
  • In the novel Slumdog Millionaire the hero of the story, Raj Mohammed Thomas, frames the story as testimony to the police who have arrested him.
  • Mil Millington's A Certain Chemistry is framed by God telling us how all our emotions, actions and thoughts are governed by our bodies' chemistries, using the main character's story (in which a writer cheats on his girlfriend with a soap star) to illustrate his points.
  • In The Iron Dream, we have a banal Science Fiction story by Adolf Hitler, a USA emigrant, followed by a Framing Device in-universe essay to explain the point of this story.
  • Iain M. Banks novella The State Of The Art is framed by the protagonist writing a letter about the events to a historian interested in their setting (Earth), translated (with snarky footnootes) by her escort drone.
  • The novel of Dr. Strangelove has a prologue written by an alien, who found a record of the story under a rock in the deserts of the north-western continent of an uninhabited planet they're currently exploring.
  • The Dinotopia prequel First Flight is told as a story that one of the main characters from the main book is studying.
    • The first and fourth books are also presented as journals the author had discovered.
  • The Time Machine by H. G. Wells is told through a guest at the Time Traveller's party, who for all but the first two chapters and the final chapter is taking dictation from the Time Traveller.
  • House of Leaves takes this trope to Mind Screw levels. The core story is about a house. The story this is framed in is a document by Zampano, who is narrating a movie about the house. He also includes a variety of other information. The entire thing is edited, organized, and documented by Johnny Truant, who tells his own story in footnotes. The Mind Screw comes in because it's made fairly clear that becoming involved in this house in any capacity will destroy your mind. It's inevitable that every layer of the story is an extreme case of Unreliable Narrator.
  • Encounter With Tiber, by Buzz Aldrin (yes, the Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin) and John Barnes, uses the framing device of a scientist who writes novels. She's selected to be on the first manned voyage to another star. Because of the length of the trip, she has time to write four novels (well, two novels and two translations of existing novels), which together explain how humanity developed the technology for interstellar travel.
  • Several Redwall books are framed by an Abbeydweller telling a story to a group of Dibbuns. At the end, a character from the framed story would turn out to be the Narrator All Along.
  • Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All is framed as the 99-year-old narrator, Lucy, telling stories of her life (and the lives of many people she's known) to a journalist interviewing her. The stories get more personal, revealing, and risky as the book progresses, until The Reveal in the penultimate chapter.
  • Older Than Dirt: The Egyptian Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor, from the 6th dynasty (c. 2300-2100 BCE) in the Old Kingdom, is framed by the sailor explaining his survival to an official, and the official telling him not to overstep his station by dispensing advice.
  • Animorphs had The Hork-Bajir Chronicles framed as a story the Hork-Bajir were telling Tobias.
  • Most of the Redwall books are framed as a character (often a traveler stopping for a visit) telling others a long story.
  • The Warrior Cats guidebooks Code of the Clans and Battles of the Clans are framed as the reader being a cat that visits the Clans, with the beginning and ending, and a few chapters inside the book, set up this way. In Code, Leafpool tells them stories about the warrior code, and in Battles, they visit all four Clans and attend a Gathering, not only listening to stories told by cats, but also being visited by deceased warriors in their dreams for stories that the current Clans couldn't possibly know.
  • Though the frame of Margaret's story in The Thirteenth Tale is its own story as she goes through her own discovery and development, the business of writing a biography is mainly to tell the story of Vida's past.
  • Meridion's story in Symphony of Ages is set in an apocalyptic future as he observes and manipulates the past(i.e., the present to the rest of the story) in order to avert the end of the world.
  • The Go-Between is narrated by an elderly man reminiscing about a summer fifty years earlier. Only at the very end do we see any live action.
  • Hiob's account of his voyage to India frames the story of the fall of Pentexore in A Dirge for Prester John.
  • Someone tells the story of Who Moved My Cheese? at a high school reunion.
  • In Who Cut the Cheese? by Stilton Jarlsberg, Biff tells the story of "Who Cut the Cheese?" at a funeral.
  • The J. R. R. Tolkien franchise is supposedly obtained from a Hobbit history called the Red Book of Westmarch.

Live Action Television

  • Most of Lost's flashbacks do not have a Framing Device. The continuous flashbacks, however, do. "Meet Kevin Johnson" is a story Michael is telling Sayid and Desmond. The other ones launch off due to prompting in the frame story: Charlie and Hurley getting Desmond drunk, Locke remembering his death...
  • The Golden Girls had several episodes constructed of three or four shorter stories, always framed by the girls recalling events fitting a particular theme. (For example, in one episode the girls are dieting, and they recall past attempts at self-improvement.) The show also did several clip shows, in which the framing device was usually a time of crisis, such as Blanche considering selling the house.
  • The Star Trek: Enterprise Grand Finale had the episode being run as a holodeck simulation as its framing story (though the fact Commander Riker kept intruding into the events it might as well not have been a Framing Device at all).
  • The Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Trials and Tribble-ations" (in which the cast go back in time to sneak about on Captain Kirk's Enterprise) is framed with Sisko is recounting the events of the episode to agents from the Department of Temporal Investigations.
    • Also the episode "Necessary Evil".
  • And let's not forget the original Star Trek: The Original Series frame story, "The Menagerie," the only 2-parter of the original series, which was a frame story added around the original pilot episode—whose differences from the regular series were justified by claiming it took place 13 years earlier.
  • The whole of How I Met Your Mother is a framing device. It's older Ted telling his kids how he, well, met their mother.
  • Doctor Who has experimented with them on occasion; Timothy Dalton's Narrator All Along in The End of Time is an example, but the clearest one is the season-spanning Trial of a Time Lord, where three complete four-part stories were presented as evidence in the Doctor's trial.
  • Gossip Girl is told from the perspective of a semi-omniscient gossip blogger. What makes this unique is said blogger is an actual (albeit anonymous) character, and the rest of the cast is fully aware of the fact that she is telling the world all about their lives with much of the story conflict revolving around keeping her from knowing too much.
  • Not only is most of the Round the Twist episode "Santa Claws" a flashback told by Pete, explaining to his classmates how his mouth was shrunk, this was a dream as well (which we knew from the opening scene).
  • The final episode of Smallville featured Chloe Sullivan reading a comic book to her son titled "Smallville" that framed Clark Kent's transformation into Superman.
  • The Nickelodeon series Are You Afraid of the Dark? sets up each episode with the Midnight Society, a group of teens, gathering around a campfire in the woods to tell ghost stories. After the tale was finished, the episode would end with the Midnight Society calling their meeting to a close.
  • The Christmas Episode of Power Rangers Zeo consisted of Tommy and Cat telling a grandchild of theirs about how King Mondo almost ruined Christmas and set the rangers apart.

{Manga)}

  • Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo frequently has a theater (conveniently placed in the titular character's head) which plays various films, directly cutting into plot points in the middle of episodes, done mainly for the Rule of Funny.

Music

Radio

Theater

  • Oddly, Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew begins with a framing device, but never follows up on it once the story proper starts. There's speculation that there was a follow up, but it's been lost to the ages. The additional frame story passages have been restored in The Oxford Shakespeare, edited by Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor.
  • The same goes for Shrew's musical adaptation, Kiss Me, Kate; the show ends during the play-within-a-play and not with an external sequence.
  • Brooklyn is framed as five street musicians putting on a play for passersby in hopes of donations.
  • Cervantes and the Inquisition in Man of La Mancha.
  • Equus is the story narrated by a psychiatrist about a particularly disturbing case, inside the same story his patient recalls the events that led to his hospitalization through hypnosis.

Tabletop Games

Video Games

  • Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time has the Prince narrating his adventure to an unseen individual, explaining the story and "backing up" when the player dies and restarts. Near the end of the game, it's revealed that his audience is Princess Farah, who doesn't remember any of these events due to the Prince's large-scale rewind.
    • The second installment wasn't narrated at all, and the third was narrated by Kaileena. At the end of the series, the Prince starts telling Farah the story all over again.
  • The text adventure game Spider and Web is known primarily for its ingenious framing device, wherein the player is a spy who has been captured and is being interrogated using a machine that causes them to relive their actions. If the player ever strays too far from the correct path, the interrogator interrupts them and says, "That's impossible, that's not how it happened" and makes you try again.
  • Dragon Age II is framed by Varric, a dwarven merchant prince, telling Cassandra, a Chantry Seeker, the tale of Hawke's rise to power.
  • The overarching narrative of Okami is told by a mysterious narrator, beginning with the legend of Orochi and Shiranui one hundred years ago. By the end of the game, if you haven't figured out the narrator's identity, he'll berate you and switch to more familiar speech patterns that make it easier to recognize him.
  • Assassin's Creed is ostensibly about Altaïr Ibn al-Ahad, or Ezio Auditore da Firenze, in the Middle East and Renaissance Italy respectively, and their journeys to assassinate the men behind a vast Knight Templar conspiracy. The game is actually about a man who lives Twenty Minutes Into the Future named Desmond Miles, who is reliving the memories of his ancestors through a device called the Animus, for different reasons in each game, though they are related to the Knight Templar conspiracy. Where future games will take place is currently unknown, but the second game's ending implied that Desmond had become skilled enough to possibly become the player character himself. Brotherhood still focuses on Ezio, but Desmond has some free-running sequences to be done in 21st-century Monteriggioni and the Villa Auditore.
  • Used in a memorable way as part of a Twist Ending in Second Sight, where the player character, an amnesiac with psychic powers, seems to be having flashbacks to his past self...until it turns out that the flashbacks were instead in the present day, and everything else was a part of his premonitions of things to come.
  • The old Satellaview sequel of Chrono Trigger : Radical Dreamers starts with Serge's grandson opening the diary of his grandfather, the story ends in a similar way.
  • The story of Odin Sphere is told when a little girl finds the books telling each character's role in the tale of Armageddon in her attic and starts reading them. In the end when she finishes reading the last book, she notices that a Pooka coin is lodged in the back cover. She offers a silent prayer to the people in the story before leaving the attic and in the True Ending Pooka!Cornelius and Pooka!Velvet take the coin to complete their collection to make the wish that restores their humanity.
  • Catherine has the whole game be an episode of the show The Golden Playhouse, with your hostess, Trisha: The Midnight Venus. It plays out as if it's a TV series that shows late night movies, complete with opening and closing narration by Trisha. There's even a watermark in the corner of some cutscenes.
  • The epilogue voiceover for Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots strongly suggests that the Metal Gear series was created by Otacon to tell Snake's story. Otacon could be thinking of writing a book, but video games are the perfect medium for an Otaku and Gadgeteer Genius. Also, Hideo Kojima looks a bit like Otacon if you squint.

Web Animation

  • The letters between the Director and the Chairman in Red vs. Blue: Reconstruction run parallel to the main plot and serve to put the central conflict in the context of the larger world the characters exist in.
  • Bowser's Kingdom episode 9 had the Karate Duo explain the story of they tried to steal the Seven Stars and failed.

Web Comics

Web Original

Western Animation

  • A recent episode of American Dad used a character (Klaus) explaining that he and another character are just a framing device, and not part of the actual story as a joke.
  • Thomas the Tank Engine was framed as being stories being told by Mr. Conductor in Shining Time Station.
    • The early episodes featuring the narrow gauge engines were framed as Thomas telling the other engines a story about them.
    • Actually, a few years before Shining Time Station was conceived, the Thomas series had existed as a series of shorts created for British television, making the above a subversion.
  • A show named The Noddy Shop framed episodes of the BBC's stop motion Noddy series as being stories the child characters told to each other.
  • For that matter, any of the Looney Tunes antholgy movies fit this trope. For instance, The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner movie presented the selected shorts as Bugs Bunny reminiscing about his "hare-raising" exploits.
  • The early Treehouse of Horror episodes of The Simpsons had them:
    • The first one had Homer listening in on Bart and Lisa exchanging stories in a treehouse (hence the name of the series' Halloween episodes).
    • The second one had Bart, Lisa, and Homer eating too much candy before bed, with the Three Shorts themselves presented as prolonged Nightmare Sequences. The last short appears to have ended with a return to the frame story, only to continue where the short left off by revealing that Mr. Burns had his head grafted to Homer's body. Cue fake "On the Next...".
    • The third one featured the family throwing a Halloween party, with Lisa, Grandpa, and Bart telling the stories.
    • The fourth episode is the last one to feature a framing device, with Bart presenting the stories in the manner of Night Gallery.
Whatever plot the subsequent Halloween episodes had outside of the three stories is mostly confined to the Cold Openings.
    • The bulk of an episode containing several Story Within a Story cases turned out to be Bart telling Principal Skinner the reason he failed to turn in an assignment.
  • Futurama Used a similar Framing Device in it's "Anthology of Interest" stories, using the "What If" machine. In the first episode it turns out that the Framing Device was itself a product of the professor asking the What If machine a question.
  • The Town Santa Forgot opens and ends with an old man (who it turns out is the now-elderly main character) telling the story to his grandkids.
  • Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol has the title character performing in a Broadway production of Dickens' story.
  • The Kim Possible episode "Rewriting History" has a story of Kim's great-grandmother (who vanished in disgrace at the start of the century), which is framed by Kim uncovering what really happened, while her Arch Enemy Dr. Drakken chases his own ancestor's involvement in the same events, piling up into Generation Xerox and Contrived Coincidence and ending as All Just a Dream.
  • The Avatar: The Last Airbender episode "Zuko Alone" features this: the A-story of Zuko wandering around the Earth Kingdom and being offered hospitality by a peasant family mirrors the story (told in flashbacks) of Zuko's childhood and how Ozai became Firelord.
  • Many episodes of Tiny Toon Adventures used this trope to tie together otherwise unrelated skits.
  • Early Caillou episodes start with a grandmother telling her grandchilding a story of Caillou's life, which is a setup for the episode itself. Later episodes ditched this beginning though.
  • The Care Bears Movie is told by an elder Nicholas about how the Care Bears helped him.

"...and I believe that's about it." "Good times. So what do we do now?" "What else? Go write more articles!"

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