Apple II


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    Introduced in 1977 the Apple II (offically spelled "Apple ][") was, to many kids in America in the 1980s and 1990s, their first introduction to a computer that could also play some decent games. At its premiere, the Apple II was a total shock to the industry. When most manufacturers were still selling single-board computers for developers, or big metal boxes that looked more appropriate in a server room than a family room, the II's stylish plastic case and integrated keyboard proved to be far more accessible to the normal user. Its clever integrated-motherboard design by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak made it easy to connect to a common TV (important given that color monitors cost well over $500 in the mid-1970s and remained expensive well into the 1980s), as well as providing two color graphics modes when most computers could barely display monochrome text. It also shipped with a simple BASIC interpreter called "Integer BASIC", also written by Wozniak, as well as a few simple games on cassette tape.

    Upgrades to the system added more memory, 80-column graphics and an expanded BASIC interpreter (written by Microsoft, of all companies) called "Applesoft BASIC". The biggest upgrade, however, came in 1978 with the introduction of the "Disk II" floppy drive system. Not only was it faster than most other floppy systems of the time, but yet another clever design made its controller more affordable by putting some of the more difficult functions in software, which also made it one of the biggest targets for Copy Protection. Around this time, business users were starting to take notice, and the first Killer App for a personal computer, the VisiCalc spreadsheet package, debuted in 1979.

    The Apple II was so influential that when IBM decided to build its own PC in 1980, it borrowed many of the Apple II's design cues, including a built-in BASIC interpreter and many expansion slots. Apple's own attempt at building a "serious" computer, the Apple III, didn't fare so well; a rushed design and Steve Jobs' insistence that the machine not have a fan made it highly unreliable; it was also deliberately incompatible with a lot of Apple II software, especially games. Apple's response was to introduce a new member of the II series, the IIe, which simplified the motherboard design and added a new 16-color "double high res" mode to help compete with the brand-new (and much cheaper) Commodore 64.

    The most advanced member of the II family was the 16-bit Apple IIgs, introduced in 1986 to much fanfare. It used the brand-new GTE 65C816 processor (the same one used in the SNES), and upgraded the line's graphics and sound substantially. While it wasn't as well accepted as the 8-bit models were among game developers, the IIgs was as much a fixture in many schools as the IIe before it, and in many ways outstripped the Macintosh of the day.

    This proved to be its doom, though, as the Apple II only finally succumbed to old age when Apple discontinued the IIgs and IIe in 1993 — a run of 16 years. The reason for this was that with the advent of GS/OS, IIgs was favorably competing with low-end Macs (read: they shared up to 50% hardware and software), and Apple didn't want to undermine its flagship product line by selling two incompatible products that were essentially the same thing. A large enthusiast community still exists for the Apple II line, and real diehards are still making hardware and software for them.

    Timeline

    • Introduced 1977.
    • MOS 6502 CPU running at 1 MHz.
    • Up to 48k RAM.
    • On-board video adapter with shared video memory provided 40-column text, 40x48 (lo-res) graphics in 16 colors, or 256x192 (hi-res) graphics in 6 colors.
    • On-board cassette adapter.

    Apple II+

    • Introduced 1979.
    • MOS 6502 CPU running at 1 MHz.
    • 48k RAM, expandable to 64kb.
    • Introduced Applesoft BASIC into ROM.
    • Versions were created for the European and Japanese markets, called the Europlus and J-Plus respectively, with the latter receiving katakana support on its keyboard.
    • Film equipment company Bell & Howell produced a special black version of the II+ under license from Apple themselves in which the top could not be opened, thus allowing it to be sold as audio/visual equipment, especially for use in schools.

    Apple IIe

    • Introduced 1983.
    • GTE 65C02 CPU running at 1 MHz.
    • 64k or 128k RAM.
    • Same graphics modes as the original; with the 80-column card, the hi-res mode could do 16 colors (double hi-res).
    • MouseText characters in ROM for text-based graphical user interfaces.

    Apple IIc

    • Introduced 1984.
    • Miniaturized version of the IIe, with integrated peripherals (including a disk drive) and mouse support.

    Apple IIgs

    • Introduced 1986.
    • GTE 65C816 CPU at 1 or 2.8 MHz (software switchable).
    • 256k RAM on the motherboard; could address up to 8 MB. The rare "ROM 3" version had a full megabyte on-board.
    • Added two new "super hi-res" modes: 320x200 in 256 colors, and 640x200 in 16 colors (all from a 4096-color palette).
      • There was also a hack that allowed the "320 mode" to display 3200 colors at once, though it flickered badly and was mainly used for photo viewers.
    • Built-in Ensoniq DOC PCM sound system (32 voices, 64k sample RAM).
    • Built-in ADB mouse/keyboard controller, dual serial ports with AppleTalk support, and "SmartPort" floppy drive controller (which supported both 5.25- and 3.5-inch floppies).
    • GS/OS provided a Mac-like desktop and apps, though it wasn't widely used since it really needed a hard drive to shine.

    Apple IIc Plus

    • Introduced 1988.
    • VLSI/Apple semi-custom 65C02 at 1 or 4 MHz (selectable at boot), with 8 KB level-1 cache.
      • The fastest stock Apple II ever, clock-speed wise. Also the first and only Apple II to have cache memory; the technology was licensed from the makers of the ZipChip accelerator and used the same configuration utilities.
    • Built-in 3.5" floppy drive with 2 KB buffer; the buffer was added so that the CPU could keep up with the faster bit rate of the 3.5" drive at 1 MHz.

    Notable games and series

    Killer Apps, exclusive titles and Multi Platform games that started here

    Ports

    1. ↑ different game from Bolo
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