Typhoon Ruby (1964)

Typhoon Ruby (known as Typhoon Yoning in the Philippines)[1] was a strong tropical cyclone that struck Hong Kong, Macau, and southern China in early September 1964. The precursor disturbance that led to Ruby was first identified on August 29 over the Philippine Sea, and this system organised into a tropical cyclone by September 1. Ruby intensified as it moved west, becoming a typhoon the next day and subsequently passing over the Babuyan Islands of the Philippines. After reaching the South China Sea, Ruby turned northwest and intensified further, attaining peak ten-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (140 mph) before making landfall with that intensity near Hong Kong and Macau on September 5. The typhoon weakened after moving inland and dissipated on September 6 over southeastern China.

Typhoon Ruby (Yoning)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
Nimbus 1 satellite image of Typhoon Ruby on September 5 after the typhoon moved inland over southeastern China
FormedSeptember 1, 1964 (September 1, 1964)
DissipatedSeptember 6, 1964 (September 6, 1964)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 195 km/h (120 mph)
1-minute sustained: 220 km/h (140 mph)
Lowest pressure972 hPa (mbar); 28.7 inHg
(JMA estimate. 960 hPa (mbar; 28.35 inHg) estimated by CMA/HKO)
Fatalities≥ 758 fatalities, 14 missing
Areas affectedPhilippines, Hong Kong, Macau, South China
Part of the 1964 Pacific typhoon season

Ruby was one of the strongest typhoons in Hong Kong's history. The storm produced a peak wind gust of 268 km/h (166 mph) at Tate's Cairn and a gust of 230 km/h (143 mph) on Waglan Island; the latter was the fastest gust observed for that site. A total of 38 fatalities were attributed to Ruby, though another 14 people remained unaccounted for. The storm sank 314 fishing vessels and destroyed or damaged thousands of homes. Rain-triggered landslides and wind-blown debris caused 300 injuries. Among locales in Hong Kong, Tai Po was most seriously affected. A wind gust of 211 km/h (131 mph) generated by Ruby in Macau was the strongest gust measured there on record; at least 20 fatalities were reported in Macau. The typhoon caused serious flooding along the mouth of the Pearl River in Guangdong Province in South China, where at least 700 people were killed.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) described the genesis of Typhoon Ruby as stemming from the interaction of a trough of low pressure and a westward-propagating tropical wave. This interaction led to the formation of a wind circulation west of Saipan on August 29, 1964. It moved initially west-northwest before curving west.[2] Nimbus 1, a weather satellite, was used to detect and locate this precursor disturbance 21 hours prior to investigation from aircraft reconnaissance.[3][4] On September 1, the disturbance became a tropical storm while over the central Philippine Sea, 965 km (600 mi) east of Basco, Batanes, in the Philippines.[5][6] Ruby initially moved slightly south of west with a forward speed of 28 km/h (17 mph).[6] It became a severe tropical storm within 18 hours of tropical cyclogenesis according to data from the Hong Kong Observatory (known as the Royal Observatory in 1964).[7] Aircraft reconnaissance estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds of 100 km/h (65 mph) on their first intercept of the system on September 1.[2] Tracking data from the JTWC and HKO indicate Ruby became a typhoon on September 2.[7][6]

Ruby passed north of Luzon and across the Babuyan Islands as a typhoon on September 3; one-minute sustained winds were estimated to be 140 km/h (85 mph) by the JTWC and ten-minute sustained winds were estimated to be 120 km/h (75 mph) at the time of this passage.[7] According to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Ruby's barometric pressure reached a minimum of 972 hPa (mbar; 28.70 inHg) during this time; this is disputed by the HKO and the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) which both analysed Ruby's pressure to have continued falling for at least two more days.[7] On September 4, Ruby turned towards the northwest after reaching a position 200 km (125 mi) northwest of Luzon.[5] While ship observations were scant in the northern South China Sea following the issuance of typhoon warnings,[6] aircraft reconnaissance and satellite imagery provided data on Ruby's position and intensity as it approached Hong Kong, Macau, and the southeastern coast of China.[2] On September 5, Ruby's one-minute sustained winds topped out at 220 km/h (140 mph) according to the JTWC, with the HKO reporting ten-minute sustained winds peaking at 195 km/h (120 mph); in the HKO classification system, this made Ruby a super typhoon.[7][8] The CMA and HKO both estimated Ruby's central air pressure bottomed out at 960 hPa (mbar; 28.35 inHg).[7] Ruby made landfall near Hong Kong and Macau with this intensity at around 09:00 UTC on September 5.[7] Its eye spanned approximately 30 km (20 mi) across.[6] Ruby weakened after moving inland, degenerating into a tropical storm by September 6 and dissipating inland over southeastern China later that day.[6][5][2]

Preparations and impact
Ruby after becoming a typhoon northeast of the Philippines on September 2

Storm warnings were issued for northern Luzon and the Babuyan and Batanes islands on September 3.[9] The Royal Observatory Hong Kong declared tropical cyclone signal no. 1 at 22:15 UTC on September 3 when Ruby was centred roughly 595 km (370 mi) east of Hong Kong.[6] The Royal Observatory escalated these warnings as Ruby approached, with signal no. 3 issued at 18:35 UTC that day and later typhoon signal no. 10 at 02:40 UTC on September 5; signal no. 10 was in effect for nearly four hours.[6][10] As the storm passed, the signal severity decreased until the final signal was lifted at 04:50 UTC on September 5 after over 42 hours of active warnings.[6][10] Ruby was the fifth typhoon to warrant the issuance of the no. 10 signal in Hong Kong since the inception of the modern tropical cyclone signal system in 1946 and the first of two in 1964.[8]

Ruby was the fourth tropical cyclone to enter the vicinity of Hong Kong in 1964, a year that featured a record amount of storms tracking near the Crown territory.[10] It was the most severe storm to hit Hong Kong since Typhoon Wanda in 1962.[11]:2 Gale-force winds associated with Ruby reached Hong Kong on the morning of September 5 and continued to impact the Crown territory until the following night. The Royal Observatory headquarters measured a minimum air pressure of 968.2 hPa (mbar; 28.59 inHg) when the centre of the typhoon was roughly 30 km (15 mi) to the southwest.[6] At Tate's Cairn, a wind gust of 268 km/h (166 mph) was registered; other measured peak gusts included 227 km/h (141 mph) at the Royal Observatory and 203 km/h (126 mph) at Kai Tak Airport.[8] A 230 km/h (143 mph) gust on Waglan Island was the fastest observed in the island's history.[12] Rainfall accumulations in Hong Kong reached at least 175 mm (7 in) in 24 hours.[13]:1 The Royal Observatory recorded at least (165 mm) 6.50 in of rain from the storm.[14] Ruby produced a maximum storm surge height of 1.49 m (4 ft 11 in) at Quarry Bay.[15]

Damaged railcars in Hong Kong

There were 38 fatalities in Hong Kong associated with Ruby, though 14 others were never accounted for. Another 300 people were injured by the storm, and a total of 8,500 people were classified by the Royal Observatory as "disaster victims".[10] Numerous injuries were caused by sheet metal torn from buildings under construction in downtown Hong Kong. Fifty thousand refugees from the People's Republic of China were rendered homeless.[11]:1 The typhoon destroyed or damaged 314 fishing vessels and 20 ships capable of oceanic travel throughout the Hong Kong area.[10] At least ten ships ran aground.[11]:2 Nine people were lost after a Panamanian freighter, the Dorar, sank in Victoria Harbour; 14 others were rescued.[5] Kai Tak International Airport, ferry service, and other transportation systems were brought to a standstill throughout Hong Kong, in addition to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.[16][13]:2 Roads were blocked by toppled trees and overturned cars.[17][16] One road was obstructed by cranes that fell from a 20-storey building.[16] Heavy rainfall caused by Ruby led to floods, landslides, and razed homes.[5][18] High voltage electrical wires torn by the winds caused hundreds of fires before the power service was terminated.[11]:1 Tai Po was the hardest-hit area in Hong Kong; there, the storm destroyed thousands of village homes and temporary shelters. In Kowloon and Tsuen Wan, 1,368 houses were affected.[10] A loosened boulder in Kowloon trapped ten people.[16] At Mui Wo, 30 homes were destroyed and 180 others were unroofed.[10] High waves pushed water into the Hong Kong City Hall, causing a delay in the 1964 Summer Olympics torch relay.[11]:2 Following the passage of Ruby, hundreds of workers cleared and repaired streets most seriously impacted in Hong Kong.[19] The colonial government appealed for public donations for victims of Ruby on September 6. Hot meals and cash assistance were preared for the displaced Chinese refugees in Hong Kong by government welfare groups.[20]

A 211 km/h (131 mph) wind gust in Taipa, Macau, set a new record for the fastest gust measured there; this record was later superseded by Typhoon Hato in 2017.[21] The typhoon triggered a fire that destroyed a building there.[19] Over 20 people were killed and 100 others were injured in Macau. "Severe flooding" occurred in Guangdong Province throughout the province and along the Pearl River delta.[22] Many homes collapsed, and the damage there was the most severe since 1949.[23] Xiangshan County was the hardest-hit region.[24] More than 700 people were reportedly killed in Guangdong Province, including the unconfirmed deaths of 300 people following the collapse of a school dormitory.[25] The devastation in Guangdong led to an increased influx of refugees fleeing the People's Republic of China for Hong Kong.[26]

See also

References
  1. "Annual Report of the Weather Bureau, FY 1964–1965". Manila, Philippines: Philippines Weather Bureau. 1965. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. Cassidy, Richard M., ed. (February 15, 1964). Annual Typhoon Report, 1964 (PDF) (Report). Annual Typhoon Report. Guam, Mariana Islands: Fleet Weather Central/Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  3. Significant Achievements in Satellite Meteorology 1958-1964 (Report). Significant Achievements In... Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1966. SP-94. Retrieved June 22, 2020 – via Google Books.
  4. Allison, Lewis J.; Kennedy, James S.; Nicholas, George W. (1965). "Examples of the Meteorological Capability of the Nimbus Satellite". Observations from the Nimbus I meteorological satellite; six papers presented by Goddard Space Flight Center personnel at the western annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Seattle, Wash., December 29, 1964. Seattle, Washington: American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:1965NASSP..89...61A. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  5. "Climatological Data: National Summary (Annual 1964)" (PDF). Climatological Data. Asheville, North Carolina: United States Weather Bureau. 15 (13): 76. 1965. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.
  6. "Typhoon Ruby 1 - 6 September 1964". Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong Observatory. November 27, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  7. "1964 Super Typhoon RUBY (1964245N20132)". IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Asheville, North Carolina: University of North Carolina–Asheville. 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  8. "Typhoons Which Required the Hurricane Signal No. 10 Since 1946". Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong Observatory. January 20, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  9. "Typhoon Near Luzon". Evening Journal. 43 (209). Wilmington, Delaware. Associated Press. September 3, 1964. p. 2. Retrieved June 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. Pui-yin, Ho (2003). "A Review of Natural Disasters of the Past". Weathering the Storm: Hong Kong Observatory and Social Development (PDF). Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9622097014. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  11. "Hong Kong Lashed by Viscious Typhoon". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 53 (249). Honolulu, Hawaii. September 5, 1964. pp. 1–2. Retrieved June 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. Ha, Louis; Waters, Dan (2001). "Hong Kong's Lighthouses and the Men Who Manned Them". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 41: 281–320. ISSN 0085-5774. Retrieved June 29, 2020 – via JSTOR.
  13. "Hong Kong Smashed By Killer Typhoon". The Desert Sun. 38 (28). Palm Springs, California. United Press International. September 5, 1964. pp. 1–2. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. "Tropical cyclone warnings of Signal No. 8 or above issued by the Observatory during the passage of Ruby in September 1964" (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. January 8, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  15. Lee, T. C.; Wong, C. F. (October 2007). "Historical Storm Surges and Storm Surge Forecasting in Hong Kong" (PDF). Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong Observatory. p. 6. Retrieved June 12, 2020 – via World Meteorological Organization.
  16. "Typhoon Ruby Hits Hong Kong; 16 Die". The Spokeman Review (115). Spokane, Washington. Reuters. September 6, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. "15 Killed In Typhoon". Southern Illinoisan. 72 (213). Carbondale, Illinois. September 6, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. "50 Feared Dead; Typhoon Roars Over Hong Kong". The St. Cloud Daily Times (71). St. Cloud, Minnesota. Associated Press. September 5, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. "Typhoon Toll Of Missing, Dead Hits 43". The Shreveport Times. 93 (285). Shreveport, Louisiana. United Press International. July 3, 2020. p. 1. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. "Ruby Leaves 27 Dead in H'Kong". Guam Daily News. 19 (217). Agana, Guam. Associated Press. September 7, 1964. p. 12. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. Li, Linlin; Yang, Jie; Lin, Chuan-Yao; Chua, Constance Ting; Wang, Yu; Zhao, Kuifeng; Wu, Yun-Ta; Liu, Philip Li-Fan; Switzer, Adam D.; Mok, Kai Meng; Wang, Peitao; Peng, Dongju (29 November 2018). "Field survey of Typhoon Hato (2017) and a comparison with storm surge modeling in Macau". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. European Geosciences Union. 18 (12): 3167–3178. doi:10.5194/nhess-18-3167-2018.
  22. "200 MPH Typhoon Hits Philippines". The Sacramento Bee. 215 (34931). Sacramento, California. Associated Press. September 9, 1964. p. A8. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. "Report Over 700 Red Chinese Killed In Typhoon". The Palladium-Item. 134 (225). Richmond, Indiana. Associated Press. September 18, 1964. p. 13. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. "Sally Howling To Hong Kong". Courier-Post. 89 (189). Camden, New Jersey. United Press International. September 9, 1964. p. 5. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. "Reports Say Ruby Killed 700 In China". Fort Lauderdale News. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Associated Press. September 18, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. "Flow of Refugees to Hong Kong is Up". The Racine Journal-Times. 108 (231). Racine, Wisconsin. Associated Press. September 30, 1964. p. 6B. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.

Further reading
  • Jones, Michael J. (November 2017). White, Ann Cody (ed.). A History of Hong Kong Typhoons - From 1874 (1st ed.). Hong Kong, China: PPP Company Limited. ISBN 9789888470754. OCLC 1035386868.
  • Wood, Peter (May 1965). "The Story of a Typhoon". Weather. Royal Meteorological Society. 20 (5): 147–153. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1965.tb02542.x – via Wiley Online Library.
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