Typhoon Jebi (2018)

Typhoon Jebi, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Maymay, was an extremely damaging tropical cyclone that became the strongest typhoon to strike Japan since Yancy in 1993 as well as Japan's costliest typhoon on. Jebi formed from a tropical depression south-southwest of Wake Island on August 26, before becoming the twenty-first named storm of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season on August 27. Amid favorable environmental conditions, Jebi quickly strengthened into a typhoon on August 29 as it headed west, then rapidly intensified as it passed the Northern Mariana Islands on August 30. Subsequently, Jebi reached peak intensity as a powerful typhoon on August 31, with 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), and a minimum pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.02 inHg). Afterwards, Jebi began a slow weakening trend as it turned northwest, briefly passing through the Philippine Area of Responsibility on September 2. Jebi accelerated north-northeast on September 3 as it interacted with the westerlies, before making landfalls over Shikoku and then the Kansai region of Japan early on September 4. Jebi quickly weakened over land and became an extratropical cyclone later that day over the Sea of Japan. The remnants of Jebi moved over the Russian Far East before dissipating on September 7.

Typhoon Jebi (Maymay)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Jebi at peak intensity northwest of Guam on August 31
FormedAugust 26, 2018
DissipatedSeptember 9, 2018
(Extratropical after September 4)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 195 km/h (120 mph)
1-minute sustained: 285 km/h (180 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Fatalities20 total
Damage> $13 billion (2018 USD)
(Insured losses only)
Areas affectedMariana Islands, Taiwan, Japan, Russian Far East, Arctic
Part of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season

Jebi passed north of the Northern Mariana Islands as an intensifying typhoon on August 31, bringing minor flooding. Heavy swells produced by Jebi caused large waves along the coast of Taiwan that caused at least six fatalities from September 2–3. In Japan, significant impacts occurred across the Kansai region. The typhoon's powerful winds, which broke wind records at 100 Japanese weather stations, damaged nearly 98,000 houses and left nearly 3 million customers without electricity after blowing down power lines. Heavy rains combined with the winds to damage buildings and infrastructure, including several shrines and historical buildings. Agricultural damage from the adverse weather conditions were also significant, with losses from the agricultural, forestry, and fishing industries valued at almost JP¥47 billion (US$430 million). Fruits were blown off trees, crops were lodged, and power outages affected storage of livestock and produce. Storm surge flooded over 700 houses and inundated part of Kansai International Airport, which combined with wind and rain damage to the terminals forced the airport to close from September 4–13. The typhoon also cut off access to the airport by blowing a tanker into the bridge connecting the airport to the mainland; repairs to the bridge only completed seven months later. In total, 14 people were killed in Japan, mostly from falls and flying debris, and 980 were injured. Insured losses reached JP¥1.6 trillion (US$13–14 billion).[nb 1]

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

A tropical disturbance was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) on August 26 about 1,020 km (635 mi) south-southwest of Wake Island.[1] The disturbance increased in organization over the next few hours, with rainbands wrapping into a developing low-level circulation center.[2] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on August 26,[3][nb 2] with the JTWC following suit at 06:00 UTC the next day.[5] Further development was expected as the depression tracked northwest around a subtropical ridge, with high sea surface temperatures and low wind shear ahead in the system's anticipated path.[6] The JMA upgraded the cyclone to tropical storm status at 18:00 UTC on August 27 and assigned it the name Jebi;[3][nb 3] the JTWC similarly upgraded the system six hours later.[5] With outflow supported by a tropical upper tropospheric trough to the east, Jebi continued to strengthen as it turned more westward under the influence of the subtropical ridge.[8] The JMA upgraded Jebi to a severe tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on August 28 as Jebi developed maximum sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph).[3][nb 4]

Amid the favorable environment, Jebi began to intensify more quickly on August 29, reaching typhoon status at 06:00 UTC as it developed an eye feature visible on microwave satellite imagery.[10][3][5] Rapid intensification commenced later that day, as a central dense overcast blossomed over the system's center.[11] From August 29 to 30, Jebi's satellite presentation swiftly improved as its eye cleared out and contracted to a diameter of 19 km (12 mi), while convection surrounding the eye deepened.[12][13] The JTWC analysed that Jebi intensified into a super typhoon by 18:00 UTC on August 30 with winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), representing an increase of 95 km/h (60 mph) in the past 24 hours.[14] The JMA reported that Jebi reached its peak intensity at 00:00 UTC on August 31 with winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a central pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.02 inHg);[3] the JTWC estimated that Jebi's winds continued to increase and peaked at 285 km/h (180 mph) at 06:00 UTC.[5]

Jebi on September 3, a day before landfall in Japan

Jebi's intensity leveled off thereafter as an eyewall replacement cycle began, with the original eyewall encircled by second larger eyewall.[15] The cycle completed by 21:00 UTC on August 31 while Jebi began to curve northward through a weakness in the subtropical ridge,[16] however drier air then began to impinge on the southern portion on the circulation, imparting continued weakening.[17] A tropical upper tropospheric trough to Jebi's west pushed subsiding air over the western part of Jebi's circulation, causing convection to warm.[18] As a result, the JTWC assessed that Jebi weakened below super typhoon status at 18:00 UTC on September 1.[5] Travelling northwestwards, Jebi entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) at 06:00 UTC on September 2 and received the local name Maymay;[19] Jebi exited the PAR roughly 12 hours later.[20] Slow weakening continued through September 3 as dry air and subsidence continued to affect Jebi's circulation, despite Jebi maintaining a ragged yet well-defined eye.[21]

Later on September 3, an extratropical cyclone approaching Jebi from the northwest began to accelerate Jebi north-northeast,[22] while interaction with the midlatitude westerlies caused Jebi to begin extratropical transition.[23] Racing poleward, Jebi made landfall over southern Tokushima Prefecture at around 03:00 UTC on September 4,[24] possessing winds of around 155 km/h (100 mph).[3][5] In the next two hours, Jebi crossed Osaka Bay and made another landfall around 05:00 UTC near Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture.[25] Land interaction and increasing wind shear rapidly weakened the system as it crossed Japan,[26] with the JTWC declaring Jebi no longer a tropical cyclone at 12:00 UTC on September 4, just hours after it entered the Sea of Japan.[5] The JMA downgraded Jebi to a severe tropical storm at 18:00 UTC, before also declaring it post-tropical at 00:00 UTC on September 5 just offshore Terneysky District, Russia. Over the next two days, the remnants of Jebi headed generally north over the Russian Far East while gradually weakening, crossing the 60th parallel north before the JMA ceased tracking the system at 06:00 UTC on September 7.[3]

Effects

Northern Mariana Islands

As Jebi passed just north of the Northern Mariana Islands as an intensifying typhoon on August 31, a typhoon warning was issued for the islands of Agrihan, Alamagan, and Pagan.[27] A high surf advisory and small craft advisory were issued for Saipan and Tinian as heavy swells affected the islands.[28] The small size of the typhoon's inner core, however, meant that damage in Agrihan, Alamagan, and Pagan was limited to minor flooding.[29][30]

Taiwan

Typhoon Jebi brought large waves to the east coast of Taiwan on September 2 and 3 when it recurved northward east of the Ryukyu Islands. On September 2, at Mystery Beach in Nan'ao Township, Yilan County, five people riding all-terrain vehicles were swept out to sea. Four were confirmed to have drowned when their bodies were recovered and the fifth person was listed as missing. Another death also occurred at Neipi Beach in Su'ao Township when a passerby rescued an eight-year-old girl but drowned himself. Another death occurred at Neipi Beach on September 3 when a woman was swept out to sea, however this was suspected to be a suicide.[31][32][33] Following the incidents, Mystery Beach was closed to the public from September 5–14.[34]

Japan
The torii of the Fushimi Inari Shrine in Kyoto, damaged by fallen trees

Typhoon Jebi was the most intense tropical cyclone to make landfall on Japan since Typhoon Yancy in 1993, causing significant damage in the Kansai region.[35] Fourteen people were killed across the country and 46 others were seriously injured, while another 934 people received minor injuries. The typhoon's strong winds damaged 97,910 houses, of which 68 collapsed and 833 suffered major damage, while heavy rains and storm surge flooded another 707 houses. Another 6,527 buildings were damaged.[36] Insured losses were estimated at over JP¥1.6 trillion (US$13–14 billion).[37][38] Ahead of the storm, emergency evacuation orders were issued for parts of Osaka, Hyōgo, Nara, Wakayama, and Kagawa prefectures. Evacuation advisories were also issued for Ishikawa, Fukui, Yamanashi, Nagano, Gifu, Aichi, Kyoto, Okayama, Tokushima, and Kochi prefectures.[36] The Fire and Disaster Management Agency reported that in total, about 8,000 residents evacuated to 1,667 shelters in 24 prefectures.[39] In Osaka, department stores and other commercial facilities were closed.[40] Public schools were closed in the cities of Kobe,[41] Kyoto,[42] Nara,[43] and Osaka,[44] as well as in Wakayama Prefecture.[45] Several tourist attractions were closed to visitors, including Universal Studios Japan, the Kyoto City Zoo, the Kyoto Aquarium, Nijō Castle, and the Kyoto Imperial Palace.[46] JR-West suspended operations in the Keihanshin region on September 4.[47] Services along the Tōkaidō Shinkansen,[48] as well as the San'yō Shinkansen between Shin-Ōsaka and Hiroshima stations, were also halted on September 4.[49] At least 912 flights in and out of Osaka were cancelled.[50] Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe cancelled a trip to Kyushu to oversee state response efforts.[51]

Jebi set new records for 10-minute maximum sustained winds at 53 weather stations and broke records for wind gusts at 100 weather stations in Japan, mostly on September 4.[52] The highest sustained winds from Jebi were recorded at Cape Muroto, at 48.2 m/s (174 km/h; 108 mph). At Kankūjima (the island of Kansai International Airport), a gust of 58.1 m/s (209 km/h; 130 mph) was recorded, significantly higher than the previous record (set by Typhoon Cimaron just 12 days earlier) for the airport. Significant winds occurred even in urban areas, with downtown Wakayama experiencing maximum sustained winds of up to 39.7 m/s (143 km/h; 89 mph) and gusts reaching 57.4 m/s (207 km/h; 128 mph). Similarly, the financial center of Osaka, Chūō-ku, recorded a maximum gust of 47.4 m/s (171 km/h; 106 mph).[53] Jebi also produced a maximum storm surge of 3.29 m (10.8 ft) in Osaka, surpassing the previous record of 2.93 m (9.6 ft) from the 2nd Muroto Typhoon (Typhoon Nancy) in 1961.[54]

Collapsed scaffolding in Osaka near Higobashi Station

Across the Kansai Region, massive blackouts occurred as the typhoon blew down transmission lines, with over 2.2 million customers of Kansai Electric Power Company losing power. Restoration works completed fully only on September 20, having been hampered by fallen trees, collapsed houses, and landslides.[55][56][57] Other significant power outages were reported in the Chūbu region, with Chubu Electric Power reporting 695,320 blackouts. Elsewhere, 16,040 households in the Hokuriku region lost power, and another 14,000 households in the Tōhoku region were left without power.[58]

Numerous incidents resulted from Jebi's high winds and heavy rain. In Shiga Prefecture, a man died after the warehouse he was working in collapsed. A man in Osaka was blown off the second floor of a house and fell to his death; at least five more people in the eponymous prefecture were killed by falls or flying debris. Another man died after he fell from a roof in Mie Prefecture. Part of the glass ceiling at Kyōto Station collapsed, injuring multiple people.[59][60] Fallen trees trapped 160 elementary school students on a school trip in Kyoto.[61] At the Nintendo headquarters in Kyoto, the logo on the exterior of the building was damaged by strong winds.[62] The LED lighting on the Tsūtenkaku tower in Osaka was damaged by flying debris and made inoperable.[63] An oil refinery in Sakai operated by JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy was forced to partially shut after a cooling tower sustained damage.[64] In Nishinomiya, 187 cars caught fire at an auctioneer's lot after their electrical systems were short-circuited by storm surge.[39][51] Several shrines across Japan were damaged: the Kasuga Grand Shrine in Nara had its arrival hall damaged by fallen trees, the torii at the entrance of Oji Shrine in Tokyo collapsed, [65] while the torii on the east side of the Naganokengokoku Shrine in Matsumoto, Nagano was destroyed.[66] One of the three honden of Ono Shrine in Shiojiri, Nagano, which were built in 1672, was severely damaged by a fallen tree.[67] The hall of worship at Hirano Shrine in Kyoto, which was constructed in 794, was destroyed by the typhoon.[68] Part of the cliff on the south side of Ueda Castle collapsed, while an iron roof tile was blown off at the Katakurakan building in Suwa, Nagano.[69] The trunk of a 400-year-old beech tree in the Shirakami-Sanchi was snapped by Jebi's strong winds.[70]

Damage to the Kansai International Airport Access Bridge, viewed from the bridge on September 9

Kansai International Airport was forced to close on September 4, as waves reaching 5 m (16 ft) in height overtopped coastal defenses and left a runway and cargo facilities inundated.[71][72] Access to the island was cut off on September 4 when a 2,591-tonne tanker was unmoored by Jebi's strong winds and collided with the only bridge connecting the airport to the mainland.[73][49] As a result, 8,000 passengers and staff were stranded in the airport and were evacuated by ferries and speedboats on September 5.[71] The 11 crewmembers on board the tanker were uninjured and were rescued by the coast guard.[72] The terminals experienced power outages, leaving passengers to wait without air conditioning.[73] A passenger sustained minor injuries from a window broken by the storm.[74] Partial operation of the airport resumed on September 6,[75] with flights allowed to operate out of the undamaged Terminal 2. Other flights were redirected to nearby Itami Airport and Kobe Airport. Terminal 1 began to resume operations on September 13 and the previously flooded runway reopened on September 14.[76][77] The airport reopened fully on September 21, following repairs to an electric power facility and a baggage claim area at Terminal 1.[78] Repairs to the access bridge continued and were completed in April 2019.[79]

The agricultural, forestry, and fishing industries suffered significantly, with damage amounting to JP¥46.81 billion (US$427.4 million) across 33 prefectures. A total of 30,996 hectares (76,590 acres) of cropland was damaged by the typhoon's strong winds,[80] which blew down fruit trees and caused lodging of vegetable and feed crops.[81] About JP¥11.88 billion (US$108.5 million) worth of crops were lost. Across 31 prefectures, 42,918 incidents of damage to agricultural infrastructure were reported, resulting in JP¥20.10 billion (US$183.5 million) of damage. Around 131 fishing boats and 406 aquaculture facilities were also damaged.[80] In the Tōkai region, some pigs suffocated after power outages stopped ventilation of the stalls they were kept in. In Tōhoku and Hokkaido, many apple farms suffered from apple scab after the typhoon, exacerbating losses. Production of persimmons in Wakayama Prefecture—Japan's leading persimmon exporter—declined by at least 10 percent.[81] At an aquaculture facility off Kushimoto, Wakayama run by Kindai University, 600 bluefin tuna were lost after the cage containing them broke, resulting in losses of JP¥100 million (US$913,000).[82] Extended power outages prevented farmers from shipping raw milk in at least five prefectures. Jebi served to worsen damage inflicted by Typhoon Cimaron, which passed over roughly the same areas two weeks earlier.[83]

See also

Notes
  1. All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using XE Currency Converter.
  2. The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[4]
  3. "Jebi" is Korean for "swallow".[7]
  4. Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the JTWC are sustained over 1 minute. On average, 1-minute winds are about 12% higher than 10-minute winds.[9]

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