Torsten Hägerstrand

Torsten Hägerstrand (October 11, 1916, Moheda – May 3, 2004, Lund) was a Swedish geographer. He is known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography.

Torsten Hägerstrand
Hägerstrand in 1991
Born(1916-10-11)October 11, 1916
Moheda, Sweden
DiedMay 4, 2004(2004-05-04) (aged 87)
Lund, Sweden
NationalitySwedish
CitizenshipSweden
Alma materLund University
Known forTime geography
Human migration
Cultural diffusion
AwardsLauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud
Outstanding Achievement Award from the Association of American Geographers
Victoria Medal (1979)
Scientific career
FieldsGeography
InstitutionsLund University

A native and resident of Sweden, Hägerstrand was a professor (later professor emeritus) of geography at Lund University, where he received his doctorate in 1953. His doctoral research was on cultural diffusion. His research has helped to make Sweden, and particularly Lund, a major center of innovative work in cultural geography.[1] He also influenced the practice of spatial planning in Sweden through his students.[2]

Early life

Hägerstrand's father was a teacher at a remote elementary school and the family lived at the school. Hägerstrand recalled that his early education was based on the pedagogical ideas of Swiss educator Johann Pestalozzi. Several of Hägerstrand's students speculated that his holistic and visionary thinking was rooted in his early education:[3]

He was taught local geography, history and folklore at home in the Pestalozzi tradition which was being introduced at that time. Cartography, geology, botany and agronomy were all interrelated parts of a more holistic understanding of processes within a spatial area. To start with, children learned about their immediate environment (e.g., the school room and the farm), then about the village, and gradually the whole district. As a pupil of Hägerstrand, it is easy for me to recognize parts of this tradition which later became what we today would refer to as an 'integrative perspective'.[4]

Academic career

Hägerstrand entered Lund University in 1937. His 1953 doctoral thesis Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process gained fame for its innovative use of Monte Carlo simulation of demographic development.[5] It showed how dynamic, incremental simulation of spatial processes could be used at the spatial scale of the individual as well as large spatial aggregates. Forty years later, geographer Andrew Cliff remarked on the foresight of Hägerstrand's methodology: "Bearing in mind that much of the research upon which the book is based dates from a time when computers were almost nonexistent, let alone used by geographers, it is remarkable that the simulation methodology which is so critically dependent upon computing power should have been contemplated."[6]

Hägerstrand's research was aided by developments at Lund University, notably the establishment of the Siffermaskinen i Lund (SMIL), one of Sweden's first computers.[7] Hägerstrand noted that the Swedish computer scientist Carl-Erik Fröberg, who had been Hägerstrand's "school-mate since secondary school",[7] had introduced him to the Monte Carlo method that would define his doctoral thesis, following a trip by Fröberg and other young Swedish scientists to the United States, a trip that was financed by the Swedish government's project to build its own computer.[7]

In 1969, he presented a paper titled "What about People in Regional Science?" to the European Congress of the Regional Science Association in Copenhagen, Denmark.[8] This paper, published in 1970, developed two concepts:

  • The need to study the individual in order to understand social and group practices. Modern cultural geographers commonly now study everyday practices on an individualistic basis, in order to understand larger scale patterns. The study of just groups creates a homogenization of reality and hides the truth.
  • A link between space and time that had previously been poorly developed. Historically, social scientists had treated time as a relevant but external factor to spatial features. Hägerstrand's early work on innovation diffusion (studying the geographical spread of new technologies) made him realise that the two, though separate, were not independent of each other; they have what French theorist Henri Lefebvre would call a dialectical relationship.

Legacy

Hägerstrand's initial work was primarily quantitative, which is important as the discipline of geography was, when he published his first paper in 1942, a highly descriptive subject.[9] In the 1950s he was a pioneer of geocoding statistical primary data.[10] He developed models and statistical techniques, such as the time–space cube and time–space prism, which later became important in the development of geographic information systems that process and visualize movement data.[11] His work informed the likes of Allan Pred and Nigel Thrift, who helped take it to the English speaking world.[12]

Hägerstrand's work contributed to the introduction of humanistic thought into geography, which led to the development of critical geography.[13] While his early work was largely quantitative, Hägerstrand's later work paid closer attention to notions of embodiment and emotion.[14] Still, his methods were critiqued by feminist geographer Gillian Rose, who claimed that his models showed a masculine and falsely-ordered view of the world.[15] More recent geographers have tried to combine time geography with the qualitative research and affective phenomenology of feminist geography.[16]

Development of Hägerstrand's work has continued to form part of the basis for non-representational theory, and a reappraisal of his work by new generations of social scientists[17] and biologists[18] means that he remains an influential thinker today. In 2005, Nigel Thrift summarized five benefits of Hägerstrand's time geography for contemporary social science:

First, it provides a sense of concreteness, of the power of 'thereness', and it does so in a way—visually—that is still the preserve of too few social theorists. All those intricate diagrams were, in part, an attempt to describe the pragmatics of events, a theme which has now, in the work of writers like Deleuze, become fashionable in the social sciences and humanities but, at the time at which Hägerstrand was working, tended to be restricted to the field of philosophy, except for the work of social interactionists and ethnomethodologists which was often very imperfectly understood by other than a relatively small coterie of enthusiasts. Secondly, Hägerstrand's work was an attack on the Durkheimian idea that space and time were social categories, collective representations which both derived from society and also dictated to society. [...] Time-geography makes it possible to go beyond social constructionism by emphasizing the physical constraints on human action and the wider networks of competing opportunities that they set up which act to steer situations. [...] Thirdly, and as a directly related point, those time-geographic diagrams did something else too. They radically lessened the distinction between humans and other objects. They provided a kind of neutrality of representation, even a democracy of description, of the world. [...] Fourthly, Hägerstrand's work espoused a geographical ethics, centred on the wise use of space and time. Although Hägerstrand would often use economic metaphors to describe that wisdom in the use of space and time, I am sure that he meant something broader and more encompassing which it seems to me to be well worth keeping hold of, a kind of democratic ethos of the cardinal dimensions, a conviviality in the use of space and time. Fifthly, Hägerstrand provided a language which could register the world in different ways. Perhaps one way of looking at Hägerstrand's work is as a means of saying 'hello' in a language many can understand: drawing as a kind of visual Esperanto.[19]

Honors

He received honorary doctorates from University of Bergen, Norwegian school of economics and business administration, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University of Bristol, University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow and Ohio State University. The commendation accompanying the honorary degree at Ohio State University noted that "his work on innovation diffusion, carried out in the 1950s and 1960s, continues to be cited as a standard against which current research is measured" and that "this distinguished individual...inspired a generation of scholars around the world."

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Finnish Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, and a member of Société de Géographie in France. He was also one of the founding members of Academia Europaea.

In 1968 Professor Hägerstrand was awarded the Charles P. Daly Medal of the American Geographical Society and in 1968 received an Outstanding Achievement Award from the Association of American Geographers. In 1979 he received the Victoria Medal from the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1992 Torsten Hägerstrand was awarded Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, the highest award in the geography research field.

Key publications
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1952). The propagation of innovation waves. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 4. Lund: Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography. OCLC 254752.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1955). "Statistiska primäruppgifter, flygkartering och "data processing"-maskiner: ett kombineringsprojekt". Svensk Geografisk Årsbok (in Swedish) (31): 233–255.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hannerberg, David; Hägerstrand, Torsten, eds. (1957). Migration in Sweden: a symposium. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 13. Lund: CWK Gleerup. OCLC 170619.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1967) [1953]. Innovation diffusion as a spatial process [Innovationsförloppet ur korologisk synpunkt]. Postscript and translation by Allan Pred; Translated with the assistance of Greta Haag. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 536383.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (December 1967). "The computer and the geographer". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (42): 1–19. doi:10.2307/621369. JSTOR 621369.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1970). "What about people in regional science?". Papers of the Regional Science Association. 24 (1): 6–21. doi:10.1007/BF01936872.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1973). On the definition of migration. Rapporter och notiser, 9. Scandinavian population studies. Lund: Lunds universitets kulturgeografiska institution. OCLC 185647319.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1973). "The domain of human geography". In Chorley, Richard J (ed.). Directions in geography. London: Methuen. pp. 67–87. ISBN 978-0416608304. OCLC 789168.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1974). "Ecology under one perspective". In Bylund, Erik; Linderholm, Håkan; Rune, Olof (eds.). Ecological problems of the circumpolar area: papers from the international symposium at Luleå, Sweden, June 28–29, 1971. Luleå: Norrbottens Museum. pp. 271–276. OCLC 3035384.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1974). The impact of transport on the quality of life. Rapporter och notiser, 13. Lund: Lunds universitets kulturgeografiska institution. OCLC 185647393.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1975). "Space, time and human conditions". In Karlqvist, Anders; Lundqvist, Lars; Snickars, Folke (eds.). Dynamic allocation of urban space. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. pp. 3–14. ISBN 978-0347010528. OCLC 1364735.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1976). "Geography and the study of interaction between nature and society". Geoforum. 7 (5–6): 329–334. doi:10.1016/0016-7185(76)90063-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1978). "Survival and arena: on the life-history of individuals in relation to their geographical environment". In Carlstein, Tommy; Parkes, Don; Thrift, Nigel J (eds.). Human activity and time geography. Timing space and spacing time, 2. New York: Wiley. pp. 122–143. ISBN 978-0713159899. OCLC 4935024.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Buttimer, Anne; Hägerstrand, Torsten (1980). Invitation to dialogue: a progress report. DIA paper, 1. Lund: University of Lund. OCLC 8534714.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1982). "Diorama, path and project". Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. 73 (6): 323–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1982.tb01647.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1983). "In search for the sources of concepts". In Buttimer, Anne (ed.). The practice of geography. London; New York: Longman. pp. 238–256. ISBN 978-0582300873. OCLC 8629687.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten, ed. (1985). The identification of progress in learning. European Science Foundation; International Colloquium on the Identification of Progress in Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521300872. OCLC 10924966.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1985). "Time geography: focus on the corporeality of man, society and environment". In Aida, Shūhei (ed.). The science and praxis of complexity: contributions to the symposium held at Montpellier, France, 9–11 May, 1984. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. pp. 193–216. ISBN 9789280805604. OCLC 13025296.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1991). Om tidens vidd och tingens ordning (in Swedish). A selection of Professor Hägerstrand's 300-odd scholarly essays, articles, lectures, and papers, edited by Gösta Carlestam and Barbro Sollbe. Stockholm: Byggforskningsrådet. ISBN 978-9154053636. OCLC 29548202.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1992). "The global and the local". In Svedin, Uno; Aniansson, Britt Hägerhäll (eds.). Society and the environment: a Swedish research perspective. Ecology, economy & environment, 2. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 13–21. ISBN 978-0792317968. OCLC 25788428.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1995). "Action in the physical everyday world". In Haggett, Peter; Cliff, Andrew (eds.). Diffusing geography: essays for Peter Haggett. The Institute of British Geographers special publications series, 31. Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. pp. 35–45. ISBN 978-0631195344. OCLC 30895028.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (2001) [1995]. "A look at the political geography of environmental management". In Buttimer, Anne (ed.). Sustainable landscapes and lifeways: scale and appropriateness. Sterling, VA: Cork University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 978-1859183007. OCLC 45879916.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten; Carlstein, Tommy (December 2004). "The two vistas". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 86 (4): 315–323. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00170.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (2009). Tillvaroväven (in Swedish). Edited by Kajsa Ellegård and Uno Svedin, with a bibliography by Bo Lenntorp. Stockholm: Forskningsrådet Formas. ISBN 978-9154060337. OCLC 456875435.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

See also

Footnotes
  1. Buttimer & Mels 2006
  2. Öberg 2005
  3. Öberg 2005; Pred 2005
  4. Öberg 2005, p. 341
  5. Hägerstrand 1967; Morrill 2005; Lenntorp 2008
  6. Cliff, Pred & Hägerstrand 1992, p. 541
  7. Brauer & Dymitrow 2017, p. 79
  8. Hägerstrand 1970
  9. Hubbard et al. 2002, pp. 22–56
  10. Aase 2004
  11. For example: Miller 1991; Kwan 2004; Kraak 2008; Yu & Shaw 2008; Wilson 2008; Kenett & Portugali 2012; Long & Nelson 2012
  12. Thrift 1977; Pred 1977; Pred 1981
  13. Christiaan van Paassen, The philosophy of geography: from Vidal to Hägerstrand, in Pred 1981, pp. 17–29
  14. Hägerstrand 1983; Hubbard et al. 2002, pp. 101–104
  15. Rose 1993
  16. For example: Kwan 2002; Kwan 2007; Kwan & Ding 2008; McQuoid & Dijst 2012; Scholten, Friberg & Sandén 2012
  17. For example: Ellegård & de Pater 1999; May & Thrift 2001; Latham 2003; Schwanen & Kwan 2009; Ellegård & Palm 2011; Ingold 2011
  18. For example: Baer & Butler 2000; Huettmann & Cushman 2009; Downs, Horner & Tucker 2011
  19. Thrift 2005, pp. 337–338

References

Further reading
  • Buttimer, Anne (2007). "Torsten Hägerstrand (1916–2004)". In Withers, Charles W J; Lorimer, Hayden (eds.). Geographers: biobibliographical studies. Vol. 26. Published on behalf of the Commission on the History of Geographical Thought of the International Geographical Union and the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science. London; New York: Continuum. pp. 119–157. ISBN 978-0826499134. OCLC 141381115.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Carlstein, Tommy (1982). Time resources, society, and ecology: on the capacity for human interaction in space and time. London; Boston: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0043000823. OCLC 7946554.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Carlstein, Tommy; Parkes, Don; Thrift, Nigel J, eds. (1978). Making sense of time. Timing space and spacing time, 1. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470265116. OCLC 4935269.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Carlstein, Tommy; Parkes, Don; Thrift, Nigel J, eds. (1978). Time and regional dynamics. Timing space and spacing time, 3. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470265123. OCLC 4935088.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Corbett, John (2001). "Torsten Hägerstrand: time geography". Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Retrieved January 5, 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ellegård, Kajsa; Svedin, Uno (July 2012). "Torsten Hägerstrand's time-geography as the cradle of the activity approach in transport geography". Journal of Transport Geography. 23: 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.023.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Flowerdew, Robin (2011) [2004]. "Torsten Hägerstrand". In Hubbard, Phil; Kitchin, Rob (eds.). Key thinkers on space and place (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. pp. 199–204. ISBN 978-1849201018. OCLC 698373037.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (1984). "Presence and absence: a look at conceptual choices and bodily necessities". Regional Studies. 18 (5): 373–379. doi:10.1080/09595238400185361.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hägerstrand, Torsten (2002) [1995]. "Virtual traces in space and time". In O'Hara, Morgan (ed.). Morgan O'Hara: live transmissions: attention and drawing as time-based performance. 2. Bergamo: Lubrina Editore. ISBN 9788877662538. OCLC 270994775.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hoppe, Göran; Langton, John (1986). "Time-geography and economic development: the changing structure of livelihood positions on arable farms in nineteenth century Sweden". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 68 (2): 115–137. doi:10.2307/490892. JSTOR 490892.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kuklinski, Antoni (1987). "Torsten Hägerstrand laudatio". GeoJournal. 14 (4): 503–510. doi:10.1007/BF02602724.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lenntorp, Bo (1976). Paths in space-time environments: a timegeographic study of movement possibilities of individuals. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 44. Lund: Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography. ISBN 978-9140043764. OCLC 3063593.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lenntorp, Bo (December 2004). "Publications by Torsten Hägerstrand 1938–2004". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 86 (4): 327–334. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00172.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lenntorp, Bo (July 1999). "Time-geography—at the end of its beginning". GeoJournal. 48 (3): 155–158. doi:10.1023/A:1007067322523.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lenntorp, Bo; Törnqvist, Gunnar; Wärneryd, Olof; Öberg, Sture (December 2004). "Torsten Hägerstrand 1916–2004". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 86 (4): 325–326. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00171.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Morrill, Richard (June 2005). "Hägerstrand and the 'quantitative revolution': a personal appreciation". Progress in Human Geography. 29 (3): 333–336. doi:10.1177/030913250502900311.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Persson, Olle; Ellegård, Kajsa (2012). "Torsten Hägerstrand in the citation time web". The Professional Geographer. 64 (2): 250–261. doi:10.1080/00330124.2011.601187.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Pred, Allan (June 2005). "Hägerstrand matters: life(-path) and death matters—some touching remarks". Progress in Human Geography. 29 (3): 328–332. doi:10.1177/030913250502900310.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rose, Courtice G (February 1977). "Reflections on the notion of time incorporated in Hägerstrand's time-geographic model of society". Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. 68 (1): 43–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1977.tb01465.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sui, Daniel Z (July 2012). "Looking through Hägerstrand's dual vistas: towards a unifying framework for time geography". Journal of Transport Geography. 23: 5–16. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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