Thomas Sumter
Thomas Sumter (August 14, 1734 – June 1, 1832) was a soldier in the Colony of Virginia militia; a brigadier general in the South Carolina militia during the American War of Independence, a planter, and a politician. After the United States gained independence, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives and to the United States Senate, where he served from 1801 to 1810, when he retired. Sumter was nicknamed the "Carolina Gamecock" for his fierce fighting style against British soldiers after they burned down his house during the Revolution.
Thomas Sumter | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by Rembrandt Peale (c. 1795) | |
| United States Senator from South Carolina | |
| In office December 15, 1801 – December 16, 1810 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Pinckney |
| Succeeded by | John Taylor |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th district | |
| In office March 4, 1797 – December 15, 1801 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Winn |
| Succeeded by | Richard Winn |
| In office March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Richard Winn |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 14, 1734 Hanover County, Province of Virginia |
| Died | June 1, 1832 (aged 97) near Stateburg, South Carolina |
| Resting place | Thomas Sumter Memorial Park, Sumter County, South Carolina |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | .svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} |
| Branch/service | Virginia provincial militia South Carolina state militia |
| Years of service | .svg.png){kind=small}  |
| Rank |  |
| Commands | |
| Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War |
Early life
Thomas Sumter was born in Hanover County, Province of Virginia.[1] Little is known of his parentage.[2] Given just a rudimentary education on the frontier, the young Sumter served in the Virginia militia.[1]
The Timberlake Expedition
At the end of the Anglo-Cherokee War, in 1761, Sumter was invited to join what was to become known as the "Timberlake Expedition", organized by Colonel Adam Stephen and led by Henry Timberlake, who had volunteered for the assignment.[3]:38–39 The purpose of the expedition was to visit the Overhill Cherokee towns and renew friendship with the Cherokee People following the war.[4] The small expeditionary party consisted of Sumter (who was partially financing the venture with borrowed money), Timberlake, an interpreter named John McCormack, and a servant.[3]:38
According to Timberlake's journal, at one point early in the nearly year and a half long journey, Sumter swam nearly a half-mile in the icy waters to retrieve their canoe, which had drifted away while they were exploring a cave.[3]:41–48 The party arrived in the Overhill town of Tomotley on December 20, where they were greeted by the town's head man, Ostenaco (or "Mankiller")[3]:57–58 and soon found themselves participants in a peace pipe ceremony. In the following weeks, Sumter and the group attended peace ceremonies in several Overhill towns, such as Chota, Citico, and Chilhowee.[3]:63–65
The party returned to Williamsburg, Virginia, accompanied by several Beloved Men of the Cherokee, arriving on the James River in early April 1762.[3]:118–129
While in Williamsburg, Ostenaco professed a desire to meet the king of England,[3]:130–133 and in May 1762, Sumter traveled to England with Timberlake and three distinguished Cherokee leaders, including Ostenaco. Arriving in London in early June, the Indians were an immediate attraction, drawing crowds all over the city.[5][3]:130–136 The three Cherokee then accompanied Sumter back to America, landing in South Carolina on or about August 25, 1762.[3]:143–147
Imprisonment for debt
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Sumter became stranded in South Carolina due to financial difficulties. He petitioned the Virginia Colony for reimbursement of his travel expenses, but was denied. Subsequently, Sumter was imprisoned for debt in Virginia. When his friend and fellow soldier, Joseph Martin, arrived in Staunton, Martin asked to spend the night with Sumter in jail. Martin gave Sumter ten guineas and a tomahawk. Sumter used the money to buy his way out of jail in 1766.[6]:xxvii When Martin and Sumter were reunited some thirty years later, Sumter repaid the money.
Family life and business
Sumter settled in Stateburg, South Carolina, in the Claremont District (later the Sumter District) in the High Hills of Santee.
He married Mary Jameson in 1767. Together, they opened several small businesses and became successful planters.
American Revolutionary War
Sumter raised a local militia group in Stateburg. In February 1776, Sumter was elected lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment of the South Carolina Line of which he was later appointed colonel. He subsequently was appointed brigadier general, a post he held until the end of the war. He participated in several battles in the early months of the war, including the campaign to prevent an invasion of Georgia. Perhaps his greatest military achievement was his partisan campaigning, which contributed to Lord Cornwallis' decision to abandon the Carolinas for Virginia.
Sumter acquired the nickname "Carolina Gamecock" during the American Revolution, for his fierce fighting tactics. After the Battle of Blackstock's Farm, British General Banastre Tarleton commented that Sumter "fought like a gamecock", and Cornwallis described the Gamecock as his "greatest plague".[7]
Political career
After the Revolutionary War, Sumter was elected to the United States House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1793, and from March 4, 1797, to December 15, 1801.
He later served in the United States Senate, having been selected by the legislature to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Charles Pinckney.[1] Sumter resigned from his seat in the Senate on December 16, 1810.[1]
Legacy
Sumter died on June 1, 1832 at South Mount (his plantation near Stateburg), at the age of 97 years. He was buried at the Thomas Sumter Memorial Park in Sumter County.[1]
Family
Sumter's son, Thomas Sumter Jr., served in Rio de Janeiro from 1810 to 1819 as the United States Ambassador to the Portuguese Court during its exile to Brazil. Thomas Jr.'s wife, Natalie De Lage Sumter (née Nathalie de Lage de Volude), was a daughter of French nobility, sent by her parents to America for her safety during the French Revolution.[8] She was raised in New York City from 1794 to 1801 by Vice President Aaron Burr as his ward, alongside his own daughter Theodosia.[9][10]
His grandson, Colonel Thomas De Lage Sumter, served in the U.S. Army during the Second Seminole War, and later represented South Carolina in the United States House of Representatives.
Memorials
In South Carolina, the town of Sumter, South Carolina, was named for Thomas Sumter. The town has erected a memorial to him, and has been dubbed "The Gamecock City" after his nickname.
Counties in four states are named for Sumter:
- Sumter County, South Carolina
- Sumter County, Florida
- Sumter County, Georgia[11]
- Sumter County, Alabama
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, a fort planned after the War of 1812, was named in his honor. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter.
Sumter's nickname, "Gamecock", has become one of several traditional nicknames for a native of South Carolina. For example, the University of South Carolina's official nickname is the "Fighting Gamecocks". Since 1903, the college's teams have been simply known as the "South Carolina Gamecocks".
References
- United States Congress. "Thomas Sumter (id: S001073)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- "Thomas Sumter". Virtualology.com.
- Timberlake, Henry (1948). Williams, Samuel (ed.). Memoirs, 1756–1765. Marietta, Georgia: Continental Book Co.
- Bass, Robert (1961). Gamecock: The Life and Campaigns of General Thomas Sumter. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 9.
- St James Chronicle, July 3, 1762.
- Timberlake, Henry. King, Duane (ed.). The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake: The Story of a Soldier, Adventurer, and Emissary to the Cherokees, 1756–1765. UNC Press.
- Buchanan, John. The Road to Guilford Courthouse. p. 393.
- Tisdale, Thomas (2001). A Lady of the High Hills: Natalie Delage Sumter. Univ. of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-415-2.
- Schachner, Nathan (1961) [1937]. Aaron Burr: A Biography. A. S. Barnes. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018.
- Burr, Aaron (1837). Davis, Matthew Livingston (ed.). Memoirs of Aaron Burr: With Miscellaneous Selections from His Correspondence. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 387 n.1.
- Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 215. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
External links
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Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article about "Thomas Sumter". |
| U.S. House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by District created |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793 |
Succeeded by Richard Winn |
| Preceded by Richard Winn |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district March 4, 1797 – December 15, 1801 |
Succeeded by Richard Winn |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by Charles Pinckney |
U.S. senator (Class 2) from South Carolina 1801–1810 Served alongside: John C. Colhoun, Pierce Butler, John Gaillard |
Succeeded by John Taylor |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by William Johnson |
Oldest living U.S. Senator November 14, 1819 – June 1, 1832 |
Succeeded by Charles Carroll |
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| Class 3 | ||
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