Thomas B. Stanley

Thomas Bahnson Stanley (July 16, 1890 July 10, 1970) was an American politician, furniture manufacturer and Holstein cattle breeder.[1] A Democrat and member of the Byrd Organization, Stanley served in a number of different political offices in Virginia, including as the 47th Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates and as the Commonwealth's 57th Governor. He became known for his support of the Massive Resistance strategy to prevent school desegregation mandated by the United States Supreme Court's decisions in Brown v. Board of Education, and Virginia's attempt to circumvent those decisions (ultimately overturned by both the Virginia Supreme Court and by federal courts) was known as the Stanley Plan.

Thomas Stanley
57th Governor of Virginia
In office
January 20, 1954  January 11, 1958
LieutenantAllie Edward Stakes Stephens
Preceded byJohn S. Battle
Succeeded byLindsay Almond
Chair of the National Governors Association
In office
June 24, 1956  June 23, 1957
Preceded byArthur B. Langlie
Succeeded byWilliam Stratton
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 5th district
In office
November 5, 1946  February 3, 1953
Preceded byThomas G. Burch
Succeeded byWilliam M. Tuck
47th Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates
In office
January 14, 1942  November 5, 1946
Preceded byAshton Dovell
Succeeded byG. Alvin Massenburg
Member of the Virginia House of Delegates
from Henry and Martinsville
In office
January 13, 1932  November 5, 1946
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byWilley R. Broaddus
Member of the Virginia House of Delegates
from Henry
In office
January 8, 1930  January 13, 1932
Preceded bySallie C. Booker
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Personal details
Born
Thomas Bahnson Stanley

(1890-07-16)July 16, 1890
Spencer, Virginia, U.S.
DiedJuly 10, 1970(1970-07-10) (aged 79)
Stanleytown, Virginia, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)Anne Bassett
EducationEastman Business College (BA)

Early life

He was born to Crockett Stanley (January 8, 1838 March 12, 1915) and Susan Matilda Walker (August 17, 1845 April 9, 1922) on a farm near Spencer, Henry County, Virginia, the youngest of seven children. He married Anne Pocahontas Bassett (November 28, 1898 October 20, 1979) on October 24, 1918 in Bassett, Virginia. Anne was the daughter of John David Bassett (July 14, 1866 February 26, 1965), a founder of Bassett Furniture, and Nancy Pocahontas Hundley (November 21, 1862 January 11, 1953). Stanley graduated from Eastman Business College in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1912.

Business

Stanley worked for his father-in-law's company, Bassett Furniture, as an executive until 1924, when he left and founded Stanley Furniture,[2] a leading Virginia furniture maker, in what would become Stanleytown, Virginia. His sons Thomas Bahnson Stanley, Jr. and John David Stanley joined him at Stanley Furniture.

Politics

As the Great Depression began, Henry County voters elected Stanley to represent them (part time) in the Virginia House of Delegates. Re-elected multiple times, he served from 1930 to 1946, and fellow delegates elected him their Speaker from 1942 to 1946. After the end of World War II, voters elected Stanley to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he represented Virginia's 5th district from November 5, 1946 until February 3, 1953 when Stanley resigned on to run for Virginia's governor. Fellow Byrd Organization loyalist and former Virginia Governor William M. Tuck succeeded to the seat.

The Byrd Organization selected Stanley to be the Democratic candidate for Governor of Virginia in 1953, and he won the Democratic primary. In the general election, Stanley handily defeated Republican Ted Dalton and Independent Howard Carwile. He served as the Governor of Virginia from 1954 to 1958. As governor, Stanley improved the administration of state hospitals and increased funding to mental hospitals and public schools.

While governor, Stanley became embroiled in conflict. The budget fight between the Old Guard of the Byrd Organization and the Young Turks (many returning military veterans) over budget surpluses and historic underfunding of education (especially egregious with respect to non-white Virginians) in the 1954 legislative session affected relations in the state's Democratic Party for a generation. Stanley supported segregation, and the United States Supreme Court declared such illegal twice in Brown v. Board of Education (which included a companion case from Prince Edward County, Virginia). After the 1954 Brown decision, Governor Stanley appointed a committee of mainly politicians from Southside Virginia (historically over-represented in the Virginia General Assembly and which depended politically on various methods of disenfranchising non-white Virginians) to study ways to preserve segregation through legislative means, including a school voucher program. Meanwhile, U.S. Senator Harry Byrd, Sr. declared the strategy known as Massive Resistance, while Richmond News Leader publisher James J. Kilpatrick advocated a more drastic policy, which passed a special legislative session in 1956 and became known as the Stanley Plan. Most parts were declared illegal by Virginia and federal courts within three years, long after Governor Stanley's term had ended. In fact, although Governor Stanley had vowed to close schools to prevent their desegregation, that aspect of the plan was first tested under the next Governor, Lindsay Almond after a federal panel ordered desegregation of Charlottesville schools in 1958.[3]

Electoral history

  • 1946; Stanley was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and concurrently won a general election to the seat with 75.4% and 73.52% respectively in both races, defeating Republican William Creasy in both races.
  • 1948; Stanley was re-elected with 99.53% of the vote, defeating Independent Gene Graybeal.
  • 1950; Stanley was re-elected unopposed.
  • 1952; Stanley was re-elected unopposed.
  • 1953; Stanley was elected Governor of Virginia with 54.76% of the vote, defeating Republican Theodore R. Dalton and Independent Howard Hearness Carwile.

Later years

After his gubernatorial term ended, Stanley resumed his oversight of the furniture business, as well as became vice president and director of the First National Bank, and chairman of the Commission on State and Local Revenues and Expenditures.[3] However, the Byrd Organization imploded in the 1960s, after U.S. Supreme Court decisions upholding the one-man, one-vote principle, including Davis v. Mann.

Death

Stanley died in Martinsville, Virginia on July 10, 1970 and is buried in Roselawn Burial Park. His home Stoneleigh was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.[4]

References

  1. Eskridge, Sarah K. "Thomas B. Stanley (1890–1970)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  2. "Company History for Stanley Furniture Company, Inc". Answer.com. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
  3. "Stanley, Thomas B. (1890-1970)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved Jun 30, 2020.
  4. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Thomas G. Burch
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 5th congressional district

1946–1953
Succeeded by
William M. Tuck
Party political offices
Preceded by
John S. Battle
Democratic nominee for Governor of Virginia
1953
Succeeded by
Lindsay Almond
Political offices
Preceded by
John S. Battle
Governor of Virginia
1954–1958
Succeeded by
Lindsay Almond
Preceded by
Arthur B. Langlie
Chair of the National Governors Association
1956–1957
Succeeded by
William Stratton
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