The Game of Chess (Sofonisba Anguissola)

The Game of Chess (or Portrait of the artist's sisters playing chess) is a painting by Sofonisba Anguissola from 1555. Anguissola was around 20 years old when she painted it.

Portrait of the Artist's Sisters Playing Chess
The Game of Chess
Year1555 (Julian)
Dimensions72 cm (28 in) × 97 cm (38 in)

The painting is signed and dated on the edge of the chessboard, where Anguissola left this inscription : "SOPHONISBA ANGUSSOLA VIRGO AMILCARIS FILIA EX VERA EFFIGIE TRES SUAS SORORES ET ANCILLAM PINXIT MDLV" – "Sofonisba Angussola virgin daughter of Amilcare painted these three sisters and a maid from life."

History

Giorgio Vasari, visiting Cremona, was a guest in the house of Amilcare Anguissola and there admired paintings by Amilcare's daughters. About The Game of Chess he wrote, "I have seen this year in Cremona, in the house of her father a painting made much with much diligence, the depiction of his three daughters, in the act of playing chess, and with them a old housemaid, done with such diligence and facility, that they appear alive, and they only thing missing is speech." This is the oldest document that mentions this painting, that remained hanging in the Anguissola family house for several years.[1]

The painting later arrived in Rome, together with the Self Portrait at a Spinet, and two of Anguissola's drawings (Child Bitten by a Lobster and another unidentified drawing) in the holdings of the humanist and collector Fulvio Orsini. They were then inherited by Cardinale Odoardo Farnese. The Game of Chess then turned up in Naples, after the Farnese inheritance had passed to the Bourbons, and it was eventually acquired by Luciano Bonaparte. It changed hands once more after this and arrived in the collection that today forms part of the Museo Narodowe in Poznan, Poland.

Three engravings based on this painting are known.

The painting has undergone evident repaintings.

Description

In an agreeable garden Luca, the third born of the Anguissola children, is moving some chess pieces; in front of her is Minerva, the fourth born, who is reacting to her adversary. She attracts the attention of the youngest sister, Europe (the fifth born) who is following the game and laughing. Minerva appears in a later painting (Portrait of the Anguissola family), but as an adolescent. The Portrait of Europa was painted by Lucia Anguissola possibly in the year after. Europa Anguissola is also identifiable as the child in the pencil drawing, Old Woman Studying the Alphabet with a Laughing Girl, today in the Uffizi, where the maid is also present, but older than the woman that appears in The Game of Chess.

Lucia is in action, while the housemaid observes the scene. There is a clear contrast in physiognomy between the younger (rich) women and the elder (common) woman. The young Anguissola women have jewels, embroidered clothes, elaborate hairstyles. Minerva wears the same necklace as the Portrait of a Lady that is in Berlin and now identified as Bianca Ponzoni Anguissola – the mother of the three girls around the chessboard. The picture takes place in a domestic setting, circled with friendly figures, but the competitiveness of a game of chess is also visible.

In the garden an old oak tree grows, laden in branches: it is a symbol of the solidity of family relationships. In the background is a light blue landscape, painted in the Flemish style.

The small youthful poem of the Cremonese poet and bishop of Alba Marco Gerolamo Vida, entitled Scacchia Ludus was published in 1550.[2] A canvas by Giulio Campi, in which one see chess players. The game was part of the humanistic education and was considered an excellent intellectual exercise for a human; in contrast the card and dice games, which were forbidden to women, but they were based on luck and not on intelligence

According to an old tradition, the chess alluded to a Battle of the Amazons. The queens had the possibility of being resurrected from a pawn.[3] Marco Girolamo Vigo in Scacchia ludus sometimes called the queen virgo and sometimes amazon and said that it can move in any direction. In the final section Vida mentions a battle between two queens, in which the white queen dies and rises again. At the end the black queen checkmates the white. The battle painted by Anguissola alludes to the search for a conquering woman. With this the chessboard becomes an allegory and the true queens are the two Anguissola sisters, then spend their life virtuously, taking part in an educational exercise.[4]

Further reading

- Jill Burke, Overlooking Women’s Labour in Sofonisba Anguissola’s Chess Game, Blogpost, June 2020

References
  1. Centro culturale ‘Città di Cremona’ in S. Maria della Pietà (Italy), et al., editors. Sofonisba Anguissola e Le Sue Sorelle. Leonardo arte, 1994, p190
  2. Marco Girolamo Vida, Poemata omnia. Hymni de reb. divinis, Christiados, De Arte poetica, De Bombyce, Scacchia, Bucolica Eclogae, Carmina diversi generis pleraq. non antehac edita
  3. Severino, Marco Aurelio. 1690. La Filosofia Overo Il Perche Degli Scacchi Per Cui Chiaramente Si Mostra Prima l'artificio della fabrica universale, poscia la ragion particolare della ordinanza, & degli andamenti tutti degli Scacchi: Overo Il Perche Degli Scacchi Per Cui Chiaramente Si Mostra Prima l'artificio della fabrica universale, poscia la ragion particolare della ordinanza, & degli andamenti tutti degli Scacchi. Napoli: Bulifon.
  4. Centro culturale ‘Città di Cremona’ in S. Maria della Pietà (Italy), et al., editors. Sofonisba Anguissola e Le Sue Sorelle. Leonardo arte, 1994, p68
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