Squalicorax

Squalicorax is a genus of extinct lamniform shark known to have lived during the Cretaceous period.

Squalicorax
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous
Two Squalicorax and a Cretoxyrhina circling around a dead Claosaurus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: Lamniformes
Family: †Anacoracidae
Genus: †Squalicorax
Whitley, 1939
Species

See text

Etymology

The name Squalicorax is derived from the Latin squalus for shark and the Greek κόραξ, "korax" for raven.

Description

These sharks are of medium size, up to 5 m (usually around 2 m) in length. Their bodies were similar to the modern gray sharks, but the shape of the teeth is strikingly similar to that of a tiger shark. The teeth are numerous, relatively small, with a curved crown and serrated, up to 2.5 – 3 cm in height (the only representative of the Mesozoic Lamniformes with serrated teeth). Large numbers of fossil teeth have been found in Europe, North Africa, and North America.

Squalicorax was a coastal predator, but also scavenged as evidenced by a Squalicorax tooth found embedded in the metatarsal (foot) bone of a terrestrial hadrosaurid dinosaur that most likely died on land and ended up in the water.[1] Other food sources included turtles, mosasaurs, ichthyodectes, and other bony fishes and sea creatures. Tooth marks from this shark have also been found on the bones of Pteranodon, but whether the shark actively snatched such large pterosaurs out of the air, attacked them as they dove after prey, or was simply scavenging is not known.[2]

Description of selected species
Squalicorax pristodontus tooth from the Cretaceous of Morocco.
Fossil teeth of S. falcatus from Kansas
Squalicorax falcatus
USNM 425665, a near-complete skeleton of Squalicorax falcatus formerly on display at the National Museum of Natural History.
Squalicorax sp.

The following are the best studied American species for which relatively complete skeletons are described:

  • Squalicorax falcatus (Agassiz, 1843) – is a medium-sized shark with a broad snout and relatively small teeth. Its length reached almost 3 m. It lived during the Cenomanian to early Santonian (Campanian). Complete skeletons are known from sediments of the Western Inland Sea of the Cretaceous in Kansas, South Dakota, and Wyoming, all in the USA. The teeth are also found in France, the Czech Republic, Canada, and Morocco. Given the small teeth, this species is considered a hunter of small prey. However, teeth marks on the bones of marine reptiles are evidence that these shark also fed on carrion. The body shape and structure of the trunk placoid scales indicate the ability to swim quickly. A fully articulated 1.9-m long fossil skeleton of Squalicorax falcatus has been found in Kansas, evidence of its presence in the Western Interior Seaway.
  • Squalicorax kaupi (Agassiz, 1843) is from the late Santonian to the late Maastrichtian of North America, New Zealand, Japan, Africa, Europe, Kazakhstan, Jordan. and other places. It was slightly larger than the preceding species, of which it was probably an ancestor.
  • Squalicorax pristodontus (Agassiz, 1843) is the largest species, more than 5 m long. From the size of its largest known teeth, it can be estimated that S. pristodontus grew to 5 m (16.5 ft) in length. It lived during the late Campanian to early Maastrichtian of North America, France, the Netherlands, Egypt, Morocco, and Madagascar. The relatively complete remains (vertebrae and fragments of jaws) have been found in marine sediments in North America. It is the species with the largest teeth, these teeth being loosely spaced and relatively very large in comparison with other species. In this genus of sharks, studies have shown no precise correlation between the size of the teeth and the length of the body. They could eat relatively large prey and carrion.
  • Squalicorax volgensis - the oldest species of the genus, from the Early Cretaceous of the Volga – has been described by L. Glickman et al. in 1971. The teeth of this species had virtually no serration. They are known from the Albian to the Turonian Age in Eastern and Western Europe, as well as Texas.

The world's largest and most complete semiarticulated fossil of Squalicorax was found in 2014 in stores of the Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre in Morden, Manitoba, in Canada, where it is now displayed. It measures more than 3 m in length.[3]

List of species
  • Squalicorax acutus Siversson et al., 2018
  • Squalicorax africanus Cappetta, 1991
  • Squalicorax appendiculatus Agassiz in Geinitz, 1839
  • Squalicorax baharijensis Stromer, 1927
  • Squalicorax bassanii Gemmellaro, 1920
  • Squalicorax bazzii Siversson et al., 2018
  • Squalicorax bernardezi Guinot, Uunderwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013
  • Squalicorax coquandi Vullo, Cappetta & Neraudeau, 2007
  • Squalicorax curvatus Williston, 1900
  • "Squalicorax deckeri " Shimada & Bice, 2016
  • Squalicorax falcatus Agassiz, 1843
  • Squalicorax heterodon Reuss, 1845
  • Squalicorax kaupi Agassiz, 1843
  • Squalicorax kugleri Leriche, 1938
  • Squalicorax lalunaensis Guinot & Carrillo-Briceño, 2018
  • Squalicorax lindstromi Davis, 1890
  • Squalicorax moodyi Guinot & Carrillo-Briceño, 2018
  • Squalicorax mutabilis Siversson et al., 2018
  • Squalicorax primigenius Landemaine, 1991
  • Squalicorax priscoserratus Siverson, Lindgren & Kelley, 2007
  • Squalicorax pristodontus Agassiz, 1843
  • Squalicorax sagisicus Glikman, 1980
  • Squalicorax volgensis Glikman, 1971
  • Squalicorax yangaensis Dartevelle & Casier, 1943

References

  1. Schwimmer, David R.; Stewart, J. D.; Williams, G. Dent (1997). "Scavenging by Sharks of the Genus Squalicorax in the Late Cretaceous of North America". PALAIOS. 12 (1): 71–83. Bibcode:1997Palai..12...71S. doi:10.2307/3515295. JSTOR 3515295.
  2. "Prehistoric sharks feasted on flying reptiles, fossil reveals". Science & Innovation. October 3, 2018.
  3. "World's largest crow shark fossil surfaces in Manitoba". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-01.

Sources

  • H. Cappetta, Handbook of Paleoichthyology (Gustav Fischer, 1987)
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