Sanmao (author)

Sanmao (Chinese: 三毛; March 26, 1943 – January 4, 1991) was a Taiwanese writer and translator. Her works range from autobiographical writing, travel writing and reflective novels, to translations of Spanish-language comic strips. She studied philosophy and taught German before becoming a career writer.

San Mao
Native name	三毛
Born	Chen Mao-ping (陳懋平) (1943-03-26)March 26, 1943 Chongqing, Sichuan, China
Died	January 4, 1991(1991-01-04) (aged 47) Taipei, Taiwan
Occupation	Writer, translator
Nationality	Republic of China, Spain
Period	1943–1991
Notable works	Stories of the Sahara, Gone with the Rainy Season
Spouse	Jose Maria Quero y Ruiz ​ ( m. 1973; died 1979)

Born as Chen Mao-ping (陳懋平), her pen name was adopted from the main character of Zhang Leping's most famous work, Sanmao.[1] In English, she was also known as Echo or Echo Chan, the first name she used in Latin script, after the eponymous Greek nymph. Later in life, she legally changed her name to Chen Ping; since young, she was said to have avoided writing the character "Mao" as she never mastered the ability to do so.

Early life

Sanmao was born in Chongqing to Chen Siqing, a lawyer, and Miao Jinlan.[2][3] She had an older sister, Chen Tianxin.[4] Her parents were devout Christians.[2][3] Her family was from Zhejiang. After the Second Sino-Japanese War, the family moved to Nanjing.[3] When she was six, her family moved to Taiwan because of the Communist takeover of mainland China. She disliked the lack of freedom in Taiwan's educational system, in which strict restrictions were placed on students.[3]

As a child, she developed an early interest in literature and was exposed to famous Chinese writers, such as Lu Xun, Ba Jin, Bing Xin, Lao She, and Yu Dafu.[3] She read works such as The Count of Monte Cristo, Don Quixote, and Gone with the Wind.[3] She was particularly interested in Dream of the Red Chamber and read it as a Grade 5 student during class.[3][4] When asked what she wanted to become when she was older, she responded that she wanted to marry a great artist, specifically Pablo Picasso.[3]

Due to her preoccupation with reading, Sanmao's grades suffered in middle school, particularly in mathematics.[3] After a distressing incident when a teacher drew black circles around her eyes and humiliated her in front of her classmates, Sanmao stopped attending school.[3] Her father taught her English and classical literature at home and hired tutors to teach her piano and painting.[3]

In 1962, at age 19, Sanmao published her first essay.[5]

Career

Sanmao studied philosophy at the Chinese Culture University in Taiwan, with the goal of "[finding] the solution to problems in life."[3] There, she dated a fellow student; however, becoming "disillusioned with romance," she moved to Madrid, Spain at age 20 and began studying at the University of Madrid.[3][2] It was in Madrid where Sanmao met marine engineer José María Quero y Ruíz, whom she would later marry.[6]

Sanmao later moved to Germany, where she intensively studied the German language, sometimes up to 16 hours per day.[3] Within nine months, she earned a qualification to teach German and began studying ceramics.[3]

At age 26, Sanmao returned to Taiwan.[3] She was engaged to a teacher from Germany, but he died from a heart attack before they could marry.[3] Sanmao returned to Madrid and began teaching English at a primary school,[3] rekindling her relationship with Ruíz.[6]

Desert in Western Sahara

In 1976 she published the autobiographical The Stories of the Sahara, which was on her experiences living in the Sahara together with her Spanish husband Jose, who she first met in Madrid and later married in 1973 while living together in the then Spanish-controlled Western Sahara. Part travelog and part memoir, it was an account of life and love in the desert, and established Sanmao as an autobiographical writer with a unique voice and perspective. Following the book's immense success in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China, her early writings were collected into a book, published under the title Gone With the Rainy Season. She continued to write, and her experiences in the Sahara and the Canary Islands were published in several more books.

On September 30, 1979,[7] Jose drowned while diving.[6] In 1980 she returned to Taiwan, and in November 1981, she traveled to Central and South America on commission from Taiwanese publishers. These experiences were recorded in subsequent writings. From 1981 to 1984, she taught and lectured at her alma mater, Chinese Culture University, in Taiwan. After this point, she decided to dedicate herself fully to writing.

Sanmao's books deal mainly with her own experiences studying and living abroad. They were extremely well received not only in Taiwan, but also in China, and they remain popular reads today. From 1976 to the time of her death in 1991, Sanmao published more than 20 books. She also translated the comic Mafalda from Spanish to Chinese.

In 2019, Sanmao was acknowledged in the New York Times Overlooked posthumous obituary feature for her book The Stories of the Sahara. Her work is lauded for its endurance through generations, inspiring young Taiwanese and Chinese women yearning for independence from conservative cultural norms.[2]

Death

On January 4, 1991, at the age of 47,[2] Sanmao died by suicide in a hospital in Taipei by hanging herself with a pair of silk stockings.

Some fans, notably Zhang Jinran, claimed her death was a murder. Her apparent suicide came as a shock to many of her readers and was accompanied by public expressions of grief throughout the Chinese-speaking world. There has been much speculation regarding the reason for her suicide: a cancer scare, disappointment over losing the Taiwan movie Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards for her script to the film Red Dust, a loss which she took poorly, or depression over her husband Jose's death, which had occurred 12 years earlier.[2][8]

On March 26, 2019, Google commemorated Sanmao with a Doodle on her 76th birth anniversary.[9][10]

English-language editions of The Stories of the Sahara were published posthumously by Bloomsbury Publishing, following an agreement with Crown Culture.[2][11]

References

1. Mo, Weimin; Wenju Shen (September 2006). "Sanmao, the Vagrant : Homeless Children of Yesterday and Today". Children's Literature in Education. 37 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1007/s10583-006-9012-6.
2. "Overlooked No More: Sanmao, 'Wandering Writer' Who Found Her Voice in the Desert". The New York Times. October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
3. "San Mao—Taiwan's Wandering Writer". All China Women's Federation. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
4. "A Collection of San Mao". english.cri.cn. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
5. "In memory of an olive tree – China.org.cn". china.org.cn. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
6. Zhang, Han (March 31, 2020). "Rereading Sanmao, the Taiwanese Wayfarer Who Sold Fifteen Million Books". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
7. Vidales, Raquel (October 26, 2016). "Sanmao: a Chinese woman's tragic love story in Spain". EL PAÍS. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
8. Tamara Treichel (March 11, 2013). San Mao: The Echo Effect. People's Daily Online. Retrieved from http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90782/8162070.html
9. "Sanmao's 76th Birthday". March 26, 2019.
10. Deaeth, Duncan (March 26, 2019). "Google Doodle honors 'Taiwan's wandering writer' San Mao". Taiwan News. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
11. Teng, Pei-ju (October 26, 2019). "Taiwan writer Sanmao's work to be published in UK". Taiwan News. Retrieved October 28, 2019.