Pyrgulopsis

Pyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.

Pyrgulopsis
Apertural view of a shell of †Pyrgulopsis nevadensis.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Clade: Caenogastropoda
Clade: Hypsogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Family: Hydrobiidae
Subfamily: Nymphophilinae
Genus: Pyrgulopsis
Call & Pilsbry, 1886[1]
Diversity[2][3]
133 species

Etymology

The name Pyrgulopsis is composed from Pyrgula, another genus of snail, and opsis = aspect of.[1]

Description

Generic characters of the genus Pyrgulopsis are: the shell is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The apex is acute. The aperture is ovate. The edge of the aperture, called the peritreme, is continuous.[1] The operculum is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the columella.[1]

The jaw is thin and membranaceous.[1] The radula is odontophore, with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian: ​4 + 1 + 4⁄1 + 1.[1]

Distribution

The distribution of the genus Pyrgulopsis includes Western and South-western United States.[1] Snails of species in the genus Pyrgulopsis occur in fresh water and in brackish water.[1]

Species
Shells of Pyrgulopsis deserta.
A shell of Pyrgulopsis neomexicana.

Pyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the North America. In 2014, 139 species were recognized in this genus.[4]

Species in the genus Pyrgulopsis include:[5]

Eastern North American species of Pyrgulopsis[20] are considered to be in separate genus Marstonia according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).[21]

  • Pyrgulopsis agarhecta (F. G. Thompson, 1969) - Ocmulgee marstonia - Marstonia agarhecta F.G. Thompson, 1969
  • Pyrgulopsis arga - ghost marstonia - Marstonia arga F.G. Thompson, 1977
  • Pyrgulopsis castor (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - beaverpond marstonia - Marstonia castor F.G. Thompson, 1977
  • Pyrgulopsis halcyon (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - halcyon marstonia - Marstonia halcyon F.G. Thompson, 1977
  • Pyrgulopsis hershleri F. G. Thompson, 1995 - Coosa pyrg - Marstonia hershleri (F.G. Thompson, 1995)
  • Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker, 1901) - gravel pyrg - Marstonia letsoni (Walker, 1901)
  • Pyrgulopsis lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890) - boreal marstonia - Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890)
  • Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - royal springsnail - Marstonia ogmorhaphe (F.G. Thompson, 1977)
  • Pyrgulopsis olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895) - olive marstonia - Marstonia olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895)
  • Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Hinkley, 1915 - Ozark pyrg - Marstonia ozarkensis (Hinkley, 1915)
  • Pyrgulopsis pachyta (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - armored marstonia - Marstonia pachyta F.G. Thompson, 1977
  • Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf, 1869) - moss pyrg - Marstonia scalariformis (Wolf, 1869)

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[1]

  1. Call R. E. & Pilsbry H. A. (1886). "On Pyrgulopsis, a new genus of rissoid mollusk, with description of two new forms". Proceeding Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences V.: 9-14.
  2. Hershler R. Liu H.-P. (25 January 2010). "Two new, possibly threatened species of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from southwestern California". Zootaxa 2343: 1–17, 8 plates. preview
  3. Hershler, R.; Liu, H.-P.; Lang, B. K. (2010). "Transfer of Cochliopa texana to Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) and description of a third congener from the lower Pecos River basin". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (3): 245–256. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq002.
  4. Hershler, Robert; Ratcliffe, Victoria; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Land, Brian; Hay, Claire (July 2014). "Taxonomic revision of the Pyrgulopsis gilae (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) species complex, with descriptions of two new species from the Gila River basin, New Mexico". ZooKeys (429): 69–85. doi:10.3897/zookeys.429.7865. PMC 4137299. PMID 25147471.
  5. Pyrgulopsis, Integrated Taxonomic Information System, accessed 24 July 2009.
  6. "Pyrgulopsis anguina". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  7. Hershler, R.; Gustafson, D. L. (2001). "First record for springsnails (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae: Pyrgulopsis) from the northern Rocky Mountains". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114: 297–308.
  8. Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Gustafson, Daniel L. (November 2008). "A second species of Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) from the Missouri River basin, with molecular evidence supporting faunal origin through Pliocene stream capture across the northern continental divide". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 74 (4): 403–413. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyn028. – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  9. "Pyrgulopsis chamberlini". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  10. Hershler (1998). "A systematic review of the hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) of the Great Basin, western United States. Part I. Genus Pyrgulopsis". The Veliger. California Malacozoological Society, Inc. 41: 1–132. hdl:10088/7293.
  11. "Spring Mountains Pyrg". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  12. "Pyrgulopsis fusca". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  13. "Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  14. Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Bradford, Corbin (9 September 2013). "Systematics of a widely distributed western North American springsnail, Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with descriptions of three new congeners". ZooKeys (330): 27–52. doi:10.3897/zookeys.330.5852. PMC 3800804. PMID 24146554. Retrieved June 21, 2017. – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  15. "Pyrgulopsis nonaria". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  16. "Pyrgulopsis saxatilis". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  17. "Pyrgulopsis transversa". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  18. "Southeast Nevada Pyrg". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  19. "Pyrgulopsis variegata". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  20. Hershler, R (1994). "A review of the North American freshwater snail genus Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 554 (554): 1–115. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.554.
  21. Marstonia http://www.natureserve.org accessed 25 July 2009. (See "Concept References" in each Marstonia species.)

Further reading
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