Piscataway language

Piscataway is an extinct Algonquian language formerly spoken by the Piscataway, a dominant chiefdom in southern Maryland on the Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay at time of contact with English settlers.[3] Piscataway, also known as Conoy (from the Iroquois ethnonym for the tribe), is considered a dialect of Nanticoke.[4]

Piscataway
Conoy
Native toUnited States
RegionMaryland
Extinct(date missing)
Language codes
ISO 639-3psy
Glottologpisc1239[1]
Catholic Catechism prayers handwritten in the Piscataway, Latin, and English languages by a Catholic missionary to the Piscataway tribe, Andrew White, SJ, ca. 1634—1640. Lauinger Library, Georgetown University[2]

This designation is based on the scant evidence available for the Piscataway language. The Doeg tribe, then located in present-day Northern Virginia, are also thought to have spoken a form of the same language. These dialects were intermediate between the Native American language Lenape spoken to the north of this area (in present-day Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, and Connecticut) and the Powhatan language, formerly spoken to the south, in what is now Tidewater Virginia.

Classification

Piscataway is classified as an Eastern Algonquian language:

History

Piscataway is not spoken today, but records of the language still exist. According to The Languages of Native North America, Piscataway, otherwise called Conoy (from the Iroquois name for the tribe), was a dialect of Nanticoke.[4] This assignment depends on the insufficient number of accessible documents of both Piscataway and Nanticoke. It is identified with the Lenape dialects (Unlachtigo, Unami, and Muncy; spoken in what is now called Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut), and is more closely connected to Powhatan, which was formerly spoken in the area of present-day Virginia. The first speakers lived on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, today part of Maryland. In particular, they occupied the range of the lower Potomac and Patuxent River seepages.

The Jesuit evangelist Father Andrew White translated the Roman Catholic Catechism into the Piscataway language in 1610, and other English teachers gathered Piscataway language materials. The original copy is a five-page Roman Catholic instruction written in Piscataway; it is the main surviving record of the language. [5]

Phonology

This section gives the phoneme inventory as reconstructed by Mackie (2006).

Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k
Affricate tʃ
Nasal m n
Fricative plain s ʃ x h
voiced z
Approximant w j
Vowels
Short Long
Close i
Mid e eː
Open a
Back-mid o oː
Back-close u uː

[5]

Notes
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Piscataway". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. "Manuscript prayers in Piscataway ." Archived 2018-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Treasures of Lauinger Library. (retrieved 4 Jan 2010)
  3. Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  4. Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7.
  5. Mackie, Lisa (2006). "Fragments of Piscataway: A Preliminary Description" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.

References


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