Nahum 3

Nahum 3 is the third and last chapter of the Book of Nahum in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Nahum, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.[3][4] This chapter describes the cause of the destruction of Nineveh.[5]

Nahum 3
The whole Book of Nahum in Latin as a part of Codex Gigas, made around 13th century.
BookBook of Nahum
CategoryNevi'im
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part34

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 19 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6]

Fragments cumulatively containing all verses of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4QpNah, known as the "Nahum Commentary" (1st century BCE) with extant verses 1-5, 6-9, 10-12, 14;[7][8] 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 1st century BCE) with extant verses 1‑3, 17.[9][10][11] and Wadi Murabba'at MurXII with extant verses 1‑19.[9][12]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[13] Some fragments containing parts of this chapter (a revision of the Septuagint) were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., Naḥal Ḥever (8ḤevXIIgr; 1st century CE) with extant: verses 3, 6‑17.[9][14]

Simplified plan of ancient Nineveh, showing city wall and location of gateways.

Structure

NKJV groups this chapter:

Verse 8
Are you better than No Amon
That was situated by the River,
That had the waters around her,
Whose rampart was the sea,
Whose wall was the sea?[15]

The New King James Version notes that "River(s)" is plural in the Hebrew text and refers to the River Nile and its surrounding canals.[18]

Verse 9
Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength,
And it was boundless;
Put and Lubim were your helpers.[19]

Verse 19
Your injury has no healing,
Your wound is severe.
All who hear news of you
Will clap their hands over you,
For upon whom has not your wickedness passed continually?[21]

The message in this final verse of the Book of Nahum gives a positive encouragement and "message of comfort for Israel, Judah, and others who had experienced the "endless cruelty" ("wickedness passed continually") of the Assyrians."[22]

See also

References
  1. Collins 2014, p. 343.
  2. Hayes 2015, 18. Judean Prophets: Micah, Zephaniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Jeremiah.
  3. Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  4. Keck, Leander E. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VII. Nashville: Abingdon.
  5. The Scofield Study Bible, Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780195278583. pp. 1185-7.
  6. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35-37.
  7. VanderKam, James C., The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994. pp. 10-11.
  8. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49.
  9. Dead sea scrolls - Nahum
  10. Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill. pp. 617. ISBN 9789004181830. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  11. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
  12. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 140-141.
  13. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73-74.
  14. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 127.
  15. Nahum 3:8
  16. אָמוֹן
  17. Targum and Vulgate read populous Alexandria. New King James Version
  18. Footnote at Nahum 3:8
  19. Nahum 3:9
  20. כּוּשׁ
  21. Nahum 3:19
  22. Michael D. Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 297–298.

Sources
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