Mieczysław Gębarowicz

Mieczysław Jan Gębarowicz (1893–1984) was a Polish art historian, soldier, dissident, museum director and custodian of cultural heritage.

Mieczysław Gębarowicz
Mieczysław Gębarowicz
Born
Mieczysław Jan Gẹbarowicz

(1893-12-17) 17 December 1893
Jarosław, Austrian Empire
Died18 February 1984(1984-02-18) (aged 90)
Lviv, Ukraine
Resting placeLyczakow cemetery, Lviv
NationalityPolish
EducationPhD (1921)
Alma materJan Kazimierz University

OccupationProfessor of Art history, dissident and museum director
Parent(s)Teofil Gębarowicz, Bronisława Smolek

Early years

Gębarowicz was born in Jarosław, one of three sons in a patriotic Polish family. His mother was Bronisława, née Smolek.[1] His father, Teofil, was a railway engineer who served as assistant station master in Stanisławów and later as station master in Buczacz. In 1912 he completed his schooling at Buczacz Lyceum and was already a member of two youth organisations, "Zet" and "Zarzewie".[2] He went on to study History and the History of Art at Lwów University. His studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I when he served in the ranks of the Austro-Hungarian Army (1915–1918). At the end of that conflict he took part in the Defence of Lwów with Polish forces during the Polish–Ukrainian War, after which he was able to graduate.[3]

Between 1920 and 1922 he was a lecturer in the History faculty of Jan Kazimierz University in a newly independent Poland. In 1921 he was awarded a doctoral degree at the university. In 1922 he took up a post in the National Ossoliński Institute, known as the "Ossolineum" in Lwów, where the following year, he was promoted to curator of the Lubomirski Museum.[4] He continued with academic duties and undertook research and lecturing assignments in Italy, France. Belgium, Spain, Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia. In 1928 he became an Assistant professor in the History of Art the Department of Humanities at the university. In 1936 he became Honorary professor at Jan Kazimierz University.[5] Between 1923 and 1938 he also lectured in Art History in the faculty of Architecture at Lwów Polytechnic.

World War II

After the outbreak of the war and the sudden death on 18 September 1939 of Ludwik Bernacki, the director of the Ossolineum, Gębarowicz found himself alongside Kazimierz Tyszkowski and Władysław Wisłocki, one of three directors of the Institute. In December 1939 the Soviet authorities had inserted as director, their Polish Communist place-man, Jerzy Borejsza.[4]

Following the German occupation of Lwów in 1941 and the murder, in unexplained circumstances, of Władysław Wisłocki who had been lead director of the Institute, the patron of the institute now allied with the Baworowscy Library, prince Andrzej Lubomirski, covertly nominated Gębarowski as lead director of the institute. Throughout this period until the return in July 1944 of the Soviet occupiers, Gębarowicz strove to safeguard the priceless collections of the Ossolineum. In 1944 still under German occupation, he arranged secretly to despatch with a Kraków-bound German train consignment, 2,300 literary manuscripts. These included works by Juliusz Słowacki, Aleksander Fredro, Władysław Reymont, Henryk Sienkiewicz and Adam Mickiewicz's original of Pan Tadeusz. In addition there were 2,400 Polish works on paper, prints and several hundred numismatic items which would later become the nucleus of the relocated Ossolineum in Wrocław. Gębarowicz decided to remain in Lwow when the renewed occupation began.[4]

Post-war
Commemorative plaque at 9, Senatorska street in Lviv where Mieczysław Gębarowicz lived for 50 years

1946 saw Gębarowicz become deputy manager of the Faculty of Theory and History of Art of the renamed Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. Thanks to his efforts, in July 1946 as "a gift of the Soviet People to the People of Poland" a further 7,083 manuscripts, 35,565 antiquarian books and 107,397 prints from the 19th and 20th centuries arrived in Wrocław. In March 1947 a further 67,000 books followed. His decision to stay in the city as custodian of the remaining Polish heritage in Lwów was conditional on his accepting Soviet citizenship and rejecting not only the offer to become director of the National Museum in Krakow, but also the offers of professorships at the Universities of Wroclaw and Toruń.[4]

Along with other long-term employees of the Library, in February 1950 he was dismissed on the grounds of being an "undesirable element". He was later able to find work as a librarian in various Lviv institutions that recognised his status as that of a "junior researcher". He first travelled to the Polish People's Republic in 1957 and declined an offer to become director of the Ossolineum in Wrocław. Not until 1962, when he was aged 69, did the Soviet authorities offer him advancement to "senior researcher". Later that year he was forced into retirement as a probable reprisal for the publication in Poland of his "Study of the history of the arts in Late Renaissance Poland". An additional punishment was to bar him from access to the archives in his erstwhile national collection.[4]

Nevertheless, Poland awarded him a medal in 1970 for developing the National Ossoliński Institute. In 1981 the Historical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences commissioned him to write an autobiography as part of a compendium of biographies of leading Polish academics. The Polish authorities balked at his completed manuscript and it could only be published a year later by a small Catholic publisher, ZNAK.[6] He was the author of a considerable number of research papers despite his straitened circumstances and no access to the Ossolineum sources.[4] Two well received studies on the art of the Ukraine and of Lwów were published posthumously: his The oldest iconostasis of the volosian orthodox church in Lwów (Wrocław 2016) and Mater Misericordiae - Pokrow - Pokrowa in the art and legends of East-Central Europe (Wrocław 1986).

Gębarowicz died in Lviv in 1984 and was buried at Lyczakow cemetery in the city. He was remembered as the "Pope of the Polish diaspora" in Lwów. A lecture hall in the National Ossoliński Institute is named in his honour.

Works by Gębarowicz

In Polish
  • Autobiografia. Jeden żywot w służbie nauki. Znak 5. 1982
  • Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich we Lwowie. Mieczysław Gębarowicz i Kazimierz Tyszkowski. Lwów: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, 1926
  • Studia nad dziejami kultury artystycznej późnego Renesansu w Polsce. Toruń: Towarzystwo Naukowe, 1962
  • Szkice z historii sztuki XVII w. [Wyd. 1.] Toruń, 1966
  • Psałterz floriański: kilka uwag z powodu nowego wydania zabytku. Lwów: Zakład Norodowy im. Ossolińskich , 1939
  • Początki malarstwa historycznego w Polsce. Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Sztuki Wrocław : Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich , 1981
  • Psałterz floriański i jego geneza. [Wyd. 1.] / Wrocław: Zakład Norodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1965
  • Harion Swiencickuy : prykrasy rukopysiw hałyćkoi Ukrainy XVI w. Lwów: [s.n.], 1923
  • Historja sztuki. Ed. opracowali Stanisław Jan Gąsiorowski, Mieczysław Gębarowicz, Tadeusz Szydłowski, Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Jan Zarnowski, Józef Zurowski... Lwów, Wydawnictwo zakładu narodowego imienia Ossolińskich 1934. 3 vol. in-4°, fig., pl., carte
  • Początki malarstwa historycznego w Polsce. Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Sztuki. Wrocław [etc.] Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich 1981 Wroc WDNSK
  • Studia nad dziejami kultury artystycznej późnego Renesansu w Polsce. Toruń Towarzystwo naukowe 1962
  • Rocznik krakowski. Towarzystwo miłośników historii i zabytków Krakowa. opracowali Mieczysław Ge̡barowicz i Tadeusz Mańkowski. Kraków Ossolineum 1937
  • Szkice z historii sztuki XVII w. Toruń Towarzystwo naukowe 1966
  • Jan Andrzej Próchnicki (1553-1633) mecenas i bibliofil : szkic z dziejów kultury w epoce kontrreformacji. Kraków: Znak 1980.
  • Portret XVI-XVIII wieku we Lwowie. Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków: Zakład narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, wyd. Polskiej Akademii nauk 1969
  • Mater Misericordiae, Pokrow, Pokrowa w sztuce i legendzie środkowo-wschodniej Europy. Wrocław: Zakład narodowy im. Ossolińskich 1986

In German
  • Albrecht Dürers zeichnungen im Lubomirskimuseum in Lemberg. Hrsg. von M. Gebarowicz und Hans Tietze. Wien: A. Schroll & co., 1929
  • Die Beziehungen Schlesiens zu den übrigen polnischen Ländern auf dem Gebiete der Kunst. (Aus: Das polnische Schlesien). Kattowitz: [s.n.], 1935

Legacy

Aside from his scholarly work, it is probably due to his leadership, determination and guile in wartime, the Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), during the Fourth Partition and after, that a major part of Polish cultural heritage survived and was made available to succeeding generations.[7] Largely owed to his initiative are:

See also

References
  1. Janusz Maciej Michałowski (1984). "Profesor Mieczysław Gębarowicz. Uczony, Strażnik Dóbr Narodowych, Obywatel Miasta "Zawsze Wiernego"" (in Polish). Retrieved 5 November 2019. with an extensive bibliography, from a lecture given at the Archdiocese of Warsaw Museum
  2. Sprawozdanie Dyrekcyi C. K. Gimnazyum w Buczaczu za rok szkolny 1912. Buczacz: Nakładem Funduszu Naukowego, z Drukarni Stanisława Kuźniarskiego w Jaśle, 1912, p. 91.
  3. Stanisław Biegański, Marian Brzezicki (December 1984). "Prof. dr Mieczysław Gębarowicz. Wspomnienie pośmiertne / Z żałobnej karty". Biuletyn (in Polish). London: Koło Lwowian w Londynie (48): 47–48, 88.
  4. "Mieczysław Gębarowicz. Strażnik polskich skarbów Ossolineum we Lwowie". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  5. "Nowi profesorowie na Uniwersytecie lwowskim". Gazeta Lwowska (in Polish): 2. 24 October 1936.
  6. Mieczysław Gębarowicz, Autobiografia. Jeden żywot w służbie nauki. Znak 5. 1982
  7. Janusz Maciej Michałowski (1984). "Profesor Mieczysław Gębarowicz. Uczony, Strażnik Dóbr Narodowych, Obywatel Miasta "Zawsze Wiernego"" (in Polish). Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  8. Mariusz Dworsatschek, ed. (2017). Nie tylko książki. Ossolińskie kolekcje i ich opiekunowie (in Polish) (1 ed.). Wrocław: Osso Wczoraj i Dziś. ISBN 978-83-65588-31-9. "not only books. The Ossolineum's collections and their custodians".

Bibliography
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