Michael E. Brown

Michael E. Brown (born June 5, 1965) is an American astronomer, who has been professor of planetary astronomy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) since 2003.[1] His team has discovered many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), indlucing the dwarf planet Eris, which was originally thought to be bigger than Pluto, triggering a debate on the definition of a planet.[2]

For the dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs, see Michael E. Brown (academic).
Michael E. Brown
Born (1965-06-05) June 5, 1965
Huntsville, Alabama
NationalityAmerican
EducationPrinceton University
UC Berkeley
Known forDiscovery of Eris and other trans-Neptunian objects
How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming
Spouse(s)Diane Binney
Children1
Scientific career
FieldsPlanetary astronomy
Doctoral studentsChad Trujillo, Marc Kuchner, Megan Schwamb, Konstantin Batygin
Websitewww.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/

He has been referred to by himself and by others as the man who "killed Pluto",[3][4][5] because he furthered Pluto's being downgraded to a dwarf planet in the aftermath of his discovery of Eris and several other probable trans-Neptunian dwarf planets. He is the author of How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming, published in 2010. He was awarded the Kavli Prize (shared with Jane X. Luu and David C. Jewitt) in 2012 "for discovering and characterizing the Kuiper Belt and its largest members, work that led to a major advance in the understanding of the history of our planetary system."

Early life and education

Brown is a Huntsville, Alabama, native and graduated from Virgil I. Grissom High School in 1983. He earned his A.B. in physics from Princeton University in 1987, where he was a member of the Princeton Tower Club. Brown completed his senior thesis, titled "Simulating the measurement of the correlation function of the Shane–Wirtanen galaxy counts", under the supervision of Edward Groth.[6] He did his graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned an M.A. degree in astronomy in 1990 and a Ph.D. degree in astronomy in 1994.[1]

Career

Discoveries

Brown is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery or co-discovery of 29 minor planets (see list below).[7] He is best known in the scientific community for his surveys for distant objects orbiting the Sun. His team has discovered many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Particularly notable are Eris, a dwarf planet and the only TNO known to be more massive than Pluto, leading directly to Pluto's demotion from planet status;[2][8] Sedna, a planetoid thought to be the first observed body of the inner Öpik–Oort cloud; and Orcus. Brown's team famously named Eris and its moon Dysnomia with the informal names Xena and Gabrielle, respectively, after the two main characters of Xena: Warrior Princess. Together with Jean-Luc Margot in 2001, he also discovered Romulus and Linus, two minor-planet moons in the asteroid belt.

List of discovered minor planets
50000 Quaoar4 June 2002list [A]
65489 CetoMarch 22, 2003list [A]
(84719) 2002 VR128November 3, 2002list [A]
90377 SednaNovember 14, 2003list [A][B]
90482 OrcusFebruary 17, 2004list [A][B]
(119951) 2002 KX14May 17, 2002list [A]
(120178) 2003 OP32July 26, 2003list [A][B]
120347 SalaciaSeptember 22, 2004list [C][F]
(120348) 2004 TY364October 3, 2004list [A][B]
(126154) 2001 YH140December 18, 2001list [A]
(126155) 2001 YJ140December 20, 2001list [A][D]
136199 ErisOctober 21, 2003list [A][B]
136472 MakemakeMarch 31, 2005list [A][B]
(175113) 2004 PF115August 7, 2004list [A][B]
(187661) 2007 JG43May 10, 2007list [E][B]
(208996) 2003 AZ84January 13, 2003list [A]
225088 GonggongJuly 17, 2007list [E][B]
229762 GǃkúnǁʼhòmdímàJuly 17, 2007list [E][B]
(250112) 2002 KY14May 19, 2002list [A]
(305543) 2008 QY40August 25, 2008list [E][B]
(307251) 2002 KW14May 17, 2002list [A]
(307261) 2002 MS4June 18, 2002list [A]
(315530) 2008 AP129January 11, 2008list [E]
(386096) 2007 PR44August 7, 2007list [E]
(504555) 2008 SO266September 24, 2008list [E][B]
(523597) 2002 QX47August 26, 2002list [A]
(523618) 2007 RT15September 11, 2007list [E][B]
(523629) 2008 SP266September 26, 2008list [E][B]
(528381) 2008 ST291September 24, 2008list [E][B]
Co-discovery made with:
A C. Trujillo · B D. L. Rabinowitz · C H. G. Roe
D Glenn Smith · E M. E. SchwambF K. M. Barkume

Haumea controversy
Main article: Controversy over the discovery of Haumea

Brown and his team also had been observing the dwarf planet Haumea for approximately six months before its announced discovery by José Luis Ortiz Moreno and colleagues from the Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain. Brown originally indicated his support for Ortiz's team's being given credit for the discovery of Haumea. However, further investigation showed that a website containing archives of where the telescopes of Brown's team had been pointed while tracking Haumea had been accessed eight times in the three days preceding Ortiz's announcement, by computers with IP addresses that were traced back to the website of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC, Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia), where Ortiz works, and to e-mail messages sent by Ortiz and his student. These website accesses came a week after Brown had published an abstract for an upcoming conference talk at which he had planned to announce the discovery of Haumea; the abstract referred to Haumea by a code that was the same code used in the online telescope logs; and the Andalusia computers had accessed the logs containing that code directly, as would be the case after an internet search, without going through the home page or other pages of the archives.[9] When asked about this online activity, Ortiz responded with an email to Brown that suggested Brown was at fault for "hiding objects", and said that "the only reason why we are now exchanging e-mail is because you did not report your object."[10] Brown says that this statement by Ortiz contradicts the accepted scientific practice of analyzing one's research until one is satisfied that it is accurate, then submitting it to peer review prior to any public announcement. However, the Minor Planet Center only needs precise enough orbit determination on the object in order to provide discovery credit, which Ortiz provided (see Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons to verify typical time scale of observation and publication of discoveries).

The then director of the IAA, José Carlos del Toro, distanced himself from Ortiz, insisting that its researchers have "sole responsibility" for themselves. Brown petitioned the International Astronomical Union to credit his team rather than Ortiz as the discoverers of Haumea. The IAU has deliberately not acknowledged a discoverer of Haumea. The discovery date and location are listed as March 7, 2003 at Ortiz's Sierra Nevada Observatory. However, the IAU accepted Brown's suggested name of Haumea, which fit the names of Haumea's two moons, rather than Ortiz's Ataecina.

Proposed ninth planet

In January 2016, Brown and fellow Caltech astronomer, Konstantin Batygin, proposed the existence of Planet Nine, a major planet between the size of Earth and Neptune.[11] The two astronomers gave a recorded interview in which they described their method and reasoning for proposing Planet 9 on January 20, 2016.[12]

Other work

In 2010 Brown published a memoir of his discoveries and surrounding family life, How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming.

Honors, awards and accolades

Brown was named one of Time's 100 most influential people of 2006.[13] In 2007 he received Caltech's annual Feynman Prize, Caltech's most prestigious teaching honor. Asteroid 11714 Mikebrown, discovered on April 28, 1998, was named in his honor.[14] In 2012, Brown was awarded the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics.[15]

Students and postdocs

Brown's former graduate students and postdocs include astrophysicists Adam Burgasser, Jean-Luc Margot, Chad Trujillo, Marc Kuchner,[16] Antonin Bouchez, Emily Schaller,[16] Darin Ragozzine,[16] and Megan Schwamb.[16]

Personal life

Brown married Diane Binney on March 1, 2003.[17] They have one daughter.[18]

See also

References
  1. Brown, Michael. "Curriculum vitae". Retrieved August 25, 2006.
  2. Brown, Michael E.; Schaller, Emily L. (June 15, 2007). "The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris". Science. 316 (5831): 1585. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1585B. doi:10.1126/science.1139415. PMID 17569855.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  3. Brown, Mike (2010). How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming. ISBN 978-0-385-53108-5.
  4. Astronomer Who ‘Killed’ Pluto to Present Annual Science Lecture. Sarah Lawrence College – News and Events. April 13, 2009, retrieved January 11, 2011
  5. "Meet Mike Brown: Pluto killer and the man who brought us Planet 9 | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. February 9, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  6. Brown, Michael E. (1987). Simulating the measurement of the correlation function of the Shane-Wirtanen galaxy counts. Princeton, NJ: Department of Physics.
  7. "Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  8. Kenneth Chang: The War of the Worlds, Round 2. The New York Times, January 10, 2011, retrieved January 11, 2011
  9. Brown, Michael. "The electronic trail". Retrieved August 25, 2006.
  10. Overbye, Dennis (September 13, 2005). "One Find, Two Astronomers: An Ethical Brawl". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
  11. "Evidence of a Ninth Planet". Youtube.
  12. "Scientists Find Hints Of A Giant, Hidden Planet In Our Solar System". NPR.org. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  13. Lemonick, Michael D. (April 30, 2006). "The 2006 TIME 100: Scientists & Thinkers: Mike Brown". Time. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
  14. "11714 Mikebrown (1998 HQ51)" (online). JPL Small-Body Database Browser. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  15. "2012 KAVLI PRIZE LAUREATES IN ASTROPHYSICS Awarded to Michael Edwards Brown, David C. Jewitt, Jane X. Luu". Kavli prize. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  16. Michael E. Brown. "Research". Caltech. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  17. Brown, Michael. "Mike and Diane's Fabulous Wedding Web Page". Retrieved August 25, 2006.
  18. Brown, Michael. "Lilah Binney Brown". Retrieved August 25, 2006.
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