Long March 3B

Long March 3B
	The launch of a Long March 3B carrier rocket at Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
Function	Carrier rocket
Manufacturer	CALT
Country of origin	China
Cost per launch	More than US$70 million (compare Long march 3A cost)
Size
Height	3B: 54.8 m (180 ft) [1]; 3B/E: 56.3 m (185 ft) [2];
Diameter	3.35 m (11.0 ft)[1]
Mass	3B: 425,800 kg (938,700 lb) [1]; 3B/E: 458,970 kg (1,011,860 lb) [2];
Stages	3 / 4
Capacity
Payload to LEO	11,500 kg (25,400 lb) [3][4]
Payload to SSO	7,100 kg (15,700 lb) [3][4]
Payload to GTO	3B: 5,100 kg (11,200 lb)[3][4]; 3B/E: 5,500 kg (12,100 lb)[2][3];
Payload to GEO	2,000 kg (4,400 lb)[4]
Payload to HCO	3,300 kg (7,300 lb)[3][4]
Associated rockets
Family	Long March
Derivatives	Long March 3C
Comparable	Atlas V; Delta IV; Falcon 9; GSLV Mk III; H-IIA; Zenit-3F;
Launch history
Status	3B: Retired; 3B/E: Active;
Launch sites	Xichang LC-2, LC-3
Total launches	69 3B: 12; 3B/E: 57; ;
Successes	65 3B: 10; 3B/E: 55; ;
Failures	2; 3B: 1 (Intelsat 708); 3B/E: 1 (Palapa-N1);
Partial failures	2; 3B: 1 (Palapa-D); 3B/E: 1 (Chinasat 9A);
First flight	3B: 14 February 1996 (Intelsat 708); 3B/E: 13 May 2007 (NigComSat-1);
Last flight	3B: 18 September 2012 (Compass M5, M6); 3B/E: 9 July 2020 (Apstar 6D);
Boosters (3B)
No. boosters	4
Length	15.33 m (50.3 ft)
Diameter	2.25 m (7 ft 5 in)
Propellant mass	37,700 kg (83,100 lb)
Engines	1 × YF-25
Thrust	740.4 kN (166,400 lbf)
Specific impulse	2,556.2 m/s (260.66 s)
Burn time	127 seconds
Fuel	N2O4 / UDMH
Boosters (3B/E)
No. boosters	4
Length	16.1 m (53 ft)
Diameter	2.25 m (7 ft 5 in)
Propellant mass	41,100 kg (90,600 lb)
Engines	1 × YF-25
Thrust	740.4 kN (166,400 lbf)
Specific impulse	2,556.2 m/s (260.66 s)
Burn time	140 seconds
Fuel	N2O4 / UDMH
First stage (3B)
Length	23.27 m (76.3 ft)
Diameter	3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Propellant mass	171,800 kg (378,800 lb)
Engines	4 × YF-21C
Thrust	2,961.6 kN (665,800 lbf)
Specific impulse	2,556.5 m/s (260.69 s)
Burn time	145 seconds
Fuel	N2O4 / UDMH
First stage (3B/E)
Length	24.76 m (81.2 ft)
Diameter	3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Propellant mass	186,200 kg (410,500 lb)
Engines	4 × YF-21C
Thrust	2,961.6 kN (665,800 lbf)
Specific impulse	2,556.5 m/s (260.69 s)
Burn time	158 seconds
Fuel	N2O4 / UDMH
Second stage
Length	12.92 m (42.4 ft)
Diameter	3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Propellant mass	49,400 kg (108,900 lb)
Engines	1 × YF-24E YF-22E (Main); YF-23F (Vernier); ;
Thrust	742 kN (167,000 lbf) (Main); 47.1 kN (10,600 lbf) (Vernier);
Specific impulse	2,922.57 m/s (298.019 s) (Main); 2,910.5 m/s (296.79 s) (Vernier);
Burn time	185 seconds
Fuel	N2O4 / UDMH
Third stage
Length	12.38 m (40.6 ft)
Diameter	3.0 m (9.8 ft)
Propellant mass	18,200 kg (40,100 lb)
Engines	2 × YF-75
Thrust	167.17 kN (37,580 lbf)
Specific impulse	4,295 m/s (438.0 s)
Burn time	478 seconds
Fuel	LH2 / LOX
Fourth stage (optional) – YZ-1
Engines	1 × YF-50D
Thrust	6.5 kN (1,500 lbf)
Specific impulse	315.5 s (3.094 km/s)
Fuel	N2O4 / UDMH

The Long March 3B (Chinese: 长征三号乙火箭, Chang Zheng 3B), also known as the CZ-3B and LM-3B, is a Chinese orbital carrier rocket. Introduced in 1996, it is launched from Launch Area 2 and 3 at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan. A three-stage rocket with four strap-on liquid rocket boosters, it is currently the second most powerful member of the Long March rocket family after the Long March 5 and the heaviest of the Long March 3 rocket family, and is mainly used to place communications satellites into geosynchronous orbits.

An enhanced version, the Long March 3B/E or G2, was introduced in 2007 to increase the rocket's GTO cargo capacity and lift heavier GEO communications satellites. The Long March 3B also served as the basis for the medium-capacity Long March 3C, which was first launched in 2008.

As of July 2020, the Long March 3B and 3B/E have conducted 65 successful launches, plus two failures and two partial failures, giving them a success rate of 94.2%.

History

A diagram of the Long March 3B, showing its outboard liquid rocket boosters.

The development of the Long March 3B began in 1986 to meet the needs of the international GEO communications satellite market. During its maiden flight, on 14 February 1996 carrying the Intelsat 708 satellite, the rocket suffered a guidance failure two seconds into the flight and destroyed a nearby town, killing at least six people,[5] but outside estimates suggest that anywhere between 200 and 500 people might have been killed.[6] However, the author of the report[6] later ruled out large casualties, because evidence suggest that the crash site was evacuated before the launch.[7]

The Long March 3B and 3B/E rockets conducted ten successful launches between 1997 and 2008.[2]

In 1997, the Agila 2 satellite was forced to use onboard propellant to reach its correct orbit because of poor injection accuracy on the part of its Long March 3B launch vehicle.[8] In 2009, a Long March 3B partially failed during launch due to a third stage anomaly, which resulted in the Palapa-D satellite reaching a lower orbit than planned.[9] Nonetheless, the satellite was able to maneuver itself into the planned orbit. The Long March 3B and its variants remain in active use as of January 2020, having conducted a total of 26 consecutive successful launches, since 19 June 2017 until now.

In December 2013, a Long March 3B/E successfully lifted Chang'e 3, China's first Lunar lander and rover into the projected lunar-transfer orbit.

In April 2020, the third stage of the Long March 3B/E failed during a Palapa-N1 communications satellite mission; this was the first total failure of the Long March 3B/E.[10]

Design and variants

The Long March 3B is based on the Long March 3A as its core stage, with four liquid boosters strapped on the first stage. It has an LEO cargo capacity of 11,200 kilograms (24,700 lb) and a GTO capacity is 5,100 kilograms (11,200 lb).

Long March 3B/E

The Long March 3B/E, also known as 3B/G2, is an enhanced variant of the Long March 3B, featuring an enlarged first stage and boosters, increasing its GTO payload capacity to 5,500 kilograms (12,100 lb).[11] Its maiden flight took place on 13 May 2007, when it successfully launched Nigeria's NigComSat-1, the first African geosynchronous communications satellite. In 2013, it successfully launched China's first lunar lander Chang'e 3 and lunar rover Yutu.

Since 2015, the Long March 3B and 3C can optionally accommodate a YZ-1 upper stage, which has been used to carry dual launches or BeiDou navigation satellites into medium-Earth orbit.

Long March 3C

A modified version of the Long March 3B, the Long March 3C, was developed in the mid-1990s to bridge the gap in payload capacity between the Long March 3B and 3A. It is almost identical to the Long March 3B, but has two boosters instead of four, giving it a reduced GTO payload capacity of 3,800 kilograms (8,400 lb). Its maiden launch took place on 25 April 2008.

List of launches

Flight number	Date (UTC)	Launch site	Version	Payload	Orbit	Result
1	14 February 1996 19:01	LA-2, XSLC	3B	Intelsat 708	GTO	Failure
2	19 August 1997 17:50	LA-2, XSLC	3B	Agila-2	GTO	Success
3	16 October 1997 19:13	LA-2, XSLC	3B	APStar 2R	GTO	Success
4	30 May 1998 10:00	LA-2, XSLC	3B	Chinastar 1	GTO	Success
5	18 July 1998 09:20	LA-2, XSLC	3B	SinoSat 1	GTO	Success
6	12 April 2005 12:00	LA-2, XSLC	3B	APStar 6	GTO	Success
7	28 October 2006 16:20	LA-2, XSLC	3B	SinoSat 2	GTO	Success
8	13 May 2007 16:01	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	NigComSat-1	GTO	Success
9	5 July 2007 12:08	LA-2, XSLC	3B	ChinaSat 6B	GTO	Success
10	9 June 2008 12:15	LA-2, XSLC	3B	ChinaSat 9	GTO	Success
11	29 October 2008 16:53	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Venesat-1	GTO	Success
12	31 August 2009 09:28	LA-2, XSLC	3B	Palapa-D	GTO	Partial failure
13	4 September 2010 16:14	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	SinoSat 6	GTO	Success
14	20 June 2011 16:13	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 10	GTO	Success
15	11 August 2011 16:15	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Paksat-1R	GTO	Success
16	18 September 2011 16:33	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 1A	GTO	Success
17	7 October 2011 08:21	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Eutelsat W3C	GTO	Success
18	19 December 2011 16:41	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	NigComSat-1R	GTO	Success
19	31 March 2012 10:27	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	APStar 7	GTO	Success
20	29 April 2012 20:50	LA-2, XSLC	3B	Compass-M3 Compass-M4	MTO	Success
21	26 May 2012 15:56	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 2A	GTO	Success
22	18 September 2012 19:10	LA-2, XSLC	3B	Compass-M5 Compass-M6	MTO	Success
23	27 November 2012 10:13	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 12	GTO	Success
24	1 May 2013 16:06	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 11	GTO	Success
25	1 December 2013 17:30	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Chang'e 3	LTO	Success
26	20 December 2013 16:42	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Túpac Katari 1	GTO	Success
27	25 July 2015 12:29	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou M1-S BeiDou M2-S	MEO	Success
28	12 September 2015 15:42	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	TJSW-1	GTO	Success
29	29 September 2015 23:13	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	BeiDou I2-S	GTO	Success
30	16 October 2015 16:16	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	APStar 9	GTO	Success
31	3 November 2015 16:25	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 2C	GTO	Success
32	20 November 2015 16:07	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	LaoSat-1	GTO	Success
33	9 December 2015 16:46	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 1C	GTO	Success
34	28 December 2015 16:04	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Gaofen 4	GTO	Success
35	15 January 2016 16:57	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	Belintersat-1	GTO	Success
36	5 August 2016 16:22	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	Tiantong-1-01	GTO	Success
37	10 December 2016 16:11	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	Fengyun-4A	GTO	Success
38	5 January 2017 15:18	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	TJSW-2	GTO	Success
39	12 April 2017 11:04	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Shijian 13	GTO	Success
40	19 June 2017 16:11	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Chinasat 9A	GTO	Partial failure
41	5 November 2017 11:45	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M1 BeiDou-3 M2	MEO	Success
42	10 December 2017 16:40	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Alcomsat-1	GTO	Success
43	11 January 2018 23:18	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M7 BeiDou-3 M8	MEO	Success
44	12 February 2018 05:03	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M3 BeiDou-3 M4	MEO	Success
45	29 March 2018 17:56	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M9 BeiDou-3 M10	MEO	Success
46	3 May 2018 16:06	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Apstar 6C	GTO	Success
47	29 July 2018 01:48	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M5 BeiDou-3 M6	MEO	Success
48	24 August 2018 23:52	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M11 BeiDou-3 M12	MEO	Success
49	19 September 2018 14:07	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M13 BeiDou-3 M14	MEO	Success
50	15 October 2018 04:23	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M15 BeiDou-3 M16	MEO	Success
51	1 November 2018 15:57	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	BeiDou-3 G1	GTO	Success
52	18 November 2018 18:07	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M17 BeiDou-3 M18	MEO	Success
53	7 December 2018 18:23	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Chang'e 4	LTO	Success
54	10 January 2019 17:11	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 2D	GTO	Success
55	9 March 2019 16:28	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 6C	GTO	Success
56	31 March 2019 15:51	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Tianlian 2-01	GTO	Success
57	20 April 2019 14:41	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	BeiDou-3 I1	GTO	Success
58	24 June 24, 2019 18:09	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	BeiDou-3 I2	GTO	Success
59	19 August 2019 12:03	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	ChinaSat 18	GTO	Success
60	22 September 2019 21:10	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M23 BeiDou-3 M24	MEO	Success
61	17 October 2019 15:21	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E	TJSW-4	GTO	Success
62	4 November 2019 17:43	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	BeiDou-3 I3	GTO	Success
63	23 November 2019 00:55	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M21 BeiDou-3 M22	MEO	Success
64	16 December 2019 07:22	LA-3, XSLC	3B/E + YZ-1	BeiDou-3 M19 BeiDou-3 M20	MEO	Success
65	7 January 2020 15:20	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	TJSW-5	GTO	Success
66	9 March 2020 11:55	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	BeiDou-3	GTO	Success
67	9 April 2020 11:46	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua)	GTO	Failure[12]
68	23 June 2020 01:43 [13]	LA-2, XSLC	3B/E	BeiDou-3	GTO	Success
69	9 July 2020 12:11 [14]	XSLC, LA-2	3B/E	Apstar 6D	GTO	Success

Flight mishaps

Intelsat 708 launch failure

On 14 February 1996, the launch of the first Long March 3B with Intelsat 708 failed just after liftoff when the launch vehicle veered off course and exploded when it hit the ground at T+23 seconds. One person on the ground was killed by the explosion (the total number of casualties is unknown). The cause of the accident was traced to short-circuiting of the vehicle's guidance platform at liftoff.[15] The number of casualties is debated and unclear even decades after the accident. The Chinese official death toll is usually of the order of few casualties, whereas some estimates place the number of people dead to a few hundred (see Intelsat 708).

The participation of Space Systems/Loral in the accident investigation caused great political controversy in the United States since the information provided during the accident investigation would help China improve its rockets and ballistic missiles. The U.S. Congress reclassified satellite technology as a munition and placed it back under the restrictive International Traffic in Arms Regulations in 1998.[16] No license to launch United States spacecraft on Chinese rockets has been approved by the U.S. State Department since then, and an official at the Bureau of Industry and Security emphasized in 2016 that "no U.S.-origin content, regardless of significance, regardless of whether it's incorporated into a foreign-made item, can go to China".[17]

Palapa-D partial launch failure

On 31 August 2009, during the launch of Palapa-D, the third stage engine under-performed and placed the satellite into a lower than planned orbit. The satellite was able to make up the performance shortfall using its own engine and reach geosynchronous orbit, but with its lifetime shortened to 10.5 years from the originally projected 15-16 years. The investigation found that the failure was due to burn-through of the engine's gas generator, and that "the most likely cause of the burn-through was a foreign matter or humidity-caused icing in the engine's liquid-hydrogen injectors".[18]

ChinaSat-9A partial launch failure

On 19 June 2017, a Long March 3B/E mission carrying ChinaSat-9A ended in partial failure. Officials did not release details regarding the status of the mission for at least 4 hours after liftoff.[19] Two weeks later, on 7 July 2017, officials confirmed that the mission had been anomalous, with Space Daily reporting that "an anomaly was found on the carrier rocket's rolling control thruster, part of the attitude control engine, during the third gliding phase". The failure in the rocket's third stage left the payload in a lower than intended orbit, and the payload was forced to spend two weeks reaching its intended orbit under its own power.[20]

Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua) launch failure

On 9 April 2020, a Long March 3B launcher failed after lifting off from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in the southwestern Sichuan province at 11:46 UTC during the launch of an Indonesian communications satellite, Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua) of a mass of 5500 kg and was expected to enter service in geostationary orbit at 113° East, replacing the Palapa-D satellite. But one of the two YF-75 third stage engines appeared failed to ignite, preventing the Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua) satellite to reach orbit.[21] Wreckage from the third stage and the Palapa-N1 spacecraft re-entered the atmosphere, leading to sightings of fiery debris in the skies over Guam. With the Long March 3B failure, Chinese rockets have faltered on two missions in less than a month. A Long March 7A rocket failed to place a satellite in orbit on 16 March 2020 after taking off from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on Hainan Island, located in southern China.[22] After two Chinese launch failures in less than a month, further Chinese launches will be likely delayed until it is sure that the quality control is satisfactory.[23]

Controversy

There have been many confirmed reports and videos of boosters that have been jettisoned and landed in small villages in China. These boosters being hypergolic and highly toxic, there has been large amounts of controversy regarding photos taken of the staged boosters on fire and with civilians standing nearby. These photos ultimately led to the ethical aspect of the CNSA to be questioned. Debris from the Long March 3B rocket ends up crashing into villages because unlike launchpads for other space agencies which are usually by the coastline, China's main launch pads are inland. [24]

References

Mark Wade. "CZ-3B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
"LM-3B". China Great Wall Industry Corporation. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
"LM-3A Series Launch Vehicle User's Manual - Issue 2011" (PDF). China Great Wall Industries Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
Gunter Krebs. "CZ-3B (Chang Zheng-3B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives (3 January 1999). "Satellite Launches in the PRC: Loral". U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
Lan, Chen. "Mist around the CZ-3B disaster". The Space Review. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
Lan, Chen. "Mist around the CZ-3B disaster (part 2)". The Space Review. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
International reference guide to space launch systems. Fourth edition. p. 243. ISBN 1-56347-591-X.
""帕拉帕－Ｄ"通信卫星未能进入预定轨道". Xinhua. 31 August 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
Barbosa, Rui C. (9 April 2020). "Long March 3B fails during Indonesian satellite launch". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
"LM-3B". China Great Wall Industry Corporation. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
Jing, Zhan (9 April 2020). "PALAPA-N1卫星发射失利". Xinhua.
"Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
"High-throughput communications satellite launched from China". Spaceflight Now. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
"Satellite Launches in the PRC: Loral". CNN. 25 May 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Zelnio, Ryan (9 January 2006). "A short history of export control policy". The Space Review.
de Selding, Peter B. (14 April 2016). "U.S. ITAR satellite export regime's effects still strong in Europe". SpaceNews.
de Selding, Peter B. (19 November 2009). "Burn-through Blamed in China Long March Mishap". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
http://spaceflight101.com/long-march-3b-zhongxing-9a-launch/
http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Chinese_satellite_Zhongxing_9A_enters_preset_orbit_999.html
https://kumparan.com/kumparantech/satelit-nusantara-dua-gagal-mengorbit-siaran-tv-dan-radio-terancam-bermasalah-1tCCDi3iDLY
https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/09/chinese-rocket-fails-during-launch-of-indonesian-communications-satellite/ - 9 April 2020
https://www.seradata.com/china-loses-another-long-march-3b-launch-fails-and-palapa-n1-falls-into-drink/
Li, Michael Sheetz,Yun (26 November 2019). "'Adjust your location quickly' — How China warns residents before rockets crash down from space". CNBC. Retrieved 4 August 2020.

External links

LM-3B User's Manual at GlobalSecurity.org
Long March-3B (LM-3B) at the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[EA-1] Mark Wade. "CZ-3B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.

[cgwic.com-2] "LM-3B". China Great Wall Industry Corporation. Retrieved 23 May 2012.

[CGWIC_User_Manual-3] "LM-3A Series Launch Vehicle User's Manual - Issue 2011" (PDF). China Great Wall Industries Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.

[GSP-4] Gunter Krebs. "CZ-3B (Chang Zheng-3B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 26 April 2008.

[5] Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives (3 January 1999). "Satellite Launches in the PRC: Loral". U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 23 May 2012.

[ChenLan-6] Lan, Chen. "Mist around the CZ-3B disaster". The Space Review. Retrieved 18 January 2014.

[ChenLan2-7] Lan, Chen. "Mist around the CZ-3B disaster (part 2)". The Space Review. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

[8] International reference guide to space launch systems. Fourth edition. p. 243. ISBN 1-56347-591-X.

[9] ""帕拉帕－Ｄ"通信卫星未能进入预定轨道". Xinhua. 31 August 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.

[10] Barbosa, Rui C. (9 April 2020). "Long March 3B fails during Indonesian satellite launch". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

[11] "LM-3B". China Great Wall Industry Corporation. Retrieved 31 August 2009.

[12] Jing, Zhan (9 April 2020). "PALAPA-N1卫星发射失利". Xinhua.

[SFN20200622-13] "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.

[SFN20200709-14] "High-throughput communications satellite launched from China". Spaceflight Now. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.

[cnn1999-15] "Satellite Launches in the PRC: Loral". CNN. 25 May 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[zenio2006-16] Zelnio, Ryan (9 January 2006). "A short history of export control policy". The Space Review.

[selding2016-17] Selding, Peter B. (14 April 2016). "U.S. ITAR satellite export regime's effects still strong in Europe". SpaceNews.

[18] Selding, Peter B. (19 November 2009). "Burn-through Blamed in China Long March Mishap". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 August 2015.

[19] ttp://spaceflight101.com/long-march-3b-zhongxing-9a-launch/

[20] ttp://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Chinese_satellite_Zhongxing_9A_enters_preset_orbit_999.html

[21] ttps://kumparan.com/kumparantech/satelit-nusantara-dua-gagal-mengorbit-siaran-tv-dan-radio-terancam-bermasalah-1tCCDi3iDLY

[22] ttps://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/09/chinese-rocket-fails-during-launch-of-indonesian-communications-satellite/ - 9 April 2020

[23] ttps://www.seradata.com/china-loses-another-long-march-3b-launch-fails-and-palapa-n1-falls-into-drink/

[24] Li, Michael Sheetz,Yun (26 November 2019). "'Adjust your location quickly' — How China warns residents before rockets crash down from space". CNBC. Retrieved 4 August 2020.

Long March (rocket family)
Rockets	Feng Bao 1 Long March 1 1D Long March 2 2A 2C 2D 2E 2F Long March 3 3A 3B 3B/E 3C Long March 4 4A 4B 4C Long March 5 5B Long March 6 Long March 7 7A Long March 8 Long March 9 Long March 11
Launch sites	Jiuquan Taiyuan Wenchang Xichang
Manufacturers	China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology
Designers	Wang Xiji
List of Long March launches

Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara A5 Antares 230+ Ariane 5 Atlas V Delta IV Heavy Electron Epsilon Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy GSLV Mk II Mk III H-IIA Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11^† Kaituozhe 2 LauncherOne^† Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 7 7A^† 11 Minotaur I IV V C OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qased Safir Shavit Simorgh^† Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v Unha Vega Zenit 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque-1^†
In development	Angara 1.2 Ariane 6 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Eris Firefly Alpha Beta H3 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 8 9 Miura 5 New Glenn New Line 1 Nuri OmegA OS-M2 OS-M4 Orbex Prime SLS Soyuz-7 SSLV Starship Terran 1 Vega C Vega E Vulcan Zero Zhuque-2
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 Ariane 1 2 3 4 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV Diamant Dnepr Energia Europa^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos 1 2I 3 3M Lambda 4S Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Saturn I IB V Scout SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Thor Able Ablestar Agena Burner Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates historical or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but did not ever succeed (never did or has performed a successful orbital launch)

Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
China National Space Administration Chinese space program
Missions	Chang'e 1 (Oct 2007) Chang'e 2 (Oct 2010) Chang'e 3 (Dec 2013) Yutu rover Chang'e 5-T1 (Oct 2014) Queqiao (relay satellite, May 2018) Chang'e 4 (Dec 2018) Yutu-2 rover Chang'e 5 (2020) Chang'e 6 (2023–2024) Chang'e 7 (2024) Chang'e 8 (2027)
Launch vehicles	Long March 3A Long March 3B Long March 3C Long March 5
Launch sites	Xichang Satellite Launch Center (include Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site)
People	Zhang Qingwei Ouyang Ziyuan Ma Xingrui Ye Peijian
Future spacecraft in italics.