List of extinct animals of the British Isles

This is a list of extinct animals of the British Isles. Only a small number of these are globally extinct, most famously the Irish elk, great auk and woolly mammoth. Most of the remainder survive to some extent outside the islands. The list includes introduced species only in cases where they were able to form self-sustaining colonies for a time. Only Pleistocene species, and specifically those extinct since the Ipswichian interglacial (c.130,000 - c.115,000 BP), Devensian glaciation (c.115,000 – c. 11,700 BP) or into the Holocene (c.11,700 BP - present), are included. That is: the assemblage that can be approximately considered the 'modern' fauna which displays insular differences from the mainland European fauna. The date beside each species is the last date when a specimen was observed in the wild or, where this is not known, the approximate date of extinction.

See also: List of endangered species of the British Isles and Extinct animals from the Isle of Man

Overview

For most of its history, the British Isles were part of the main continent of Eurasia, linked by the region now known as Doggerland. Throughout the Pleistocene (Ice age) the climate alternated between cold glacial periods, including times when the climate was too cold to support much fauna, and temperate interglacials when a much larger fauna was present. Insularity first occurred around 125,000 BP, during the Ipswichian interglacial,[1] when a warming climate raised sea levels and flooded Doggerland. This temperate climate supported an assemblage of species characterised by Straight-tusked elephant (Palaeodoxodon antiquus). Around 115,000 BP the climate began to cool again as the Devensian glaciation began. The temperate species began to go extinct locally (many survived in southern refugia elsewhere in Europe). With the cooling climate the sea level fell and by 60,000 BP a land bridge reformed so new or returning species could repopulate Britain. The colder climate supported an assemblage characterised by Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigentius).[2] By around 20,000 BP the climate was so cold, with much of Britain under ice and the rest a polar desert, so that little life could survive, and the glacial fauna also went extinct. The climate began to warm again around 11,700 BP, entering the present climactic period known as the Holocene. Animals repopulated Britain and Ireland. Many of the former species had gone extinct during the interval, but the majority of the surviving European temperate fauna, and some new immigrants, including modern humans (Homo sapiens), were able to reach Britain until the rising sea level once again isolated the islands. Great Britain was cut off from mainland Europe in around 8,200 BP by the Storegga Slide tsunami flooding Doggerland.[3]

Extinctions in Britain over the period have thus had three main causes:

• Climate change as the ecosystem swung from temperate woodland and pasture, through open mammoth steppe to uninhabitable polar desert, and back.
• Habitat loss brought about by human activities, such as the clearing of woodland or draining of marshland.
• Hunting by humans.

It is important to remember that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence; the fossil record is always incomplete;[4] and many of the early dates are very approximate, since caves in Britain were often excavated before modern archaeological stratifications and dating techniques.[5][6]

Key

† - A species that is globally extinct
* - A species that is known to have been introduced by humans and was never present by natural immigration.

Some animals have gone extinct several times and then recolonised. The date given is of the most recent extinction. Species that have been introduced or reintroduced by humans are noted.

Mammals

Common Name	Species	Order and Family	Extinction Date	Notes and References
†Straight-tusked elephant	Palaeoloxodon antiquus	Proboscidea: Elephantidae	c. 115,000 BP	Late Pleistocene [7][8][9][5]
†Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Proboscidea: Elephantidae	c. 14,500-14,000 BP	[10]
Barbary macaque	Macaca sylvanus	Primates: Cercopithecidae	c. 130,000 BP	[5][6][11]
†Neanderthal	Homo neanderthalensis	Primates: Hominidae	c. 50,000 BP	[6][12]
Eurasian beaver	Castor fiber	Rodentia: Castoridae	A.D. 1526	reintroduced to Britain; never lived in Ireland
Arctic lemming	Dicrostonyx torquatus	Rodentia	c. 10,000 BP	[5]
Steppe lemming	Lagurus lagurus	Rodentia	c. 8000 B.C
*Coypu	Myocastor coypus	Rodentia	A.D. 1978	Modern, introduced non-native
*Musk rat	Ondatra zibethicus	Rodentia	1937	non-native [13]
Narrow-headed vole	Microtus gregalis	Rodentia	c. 8000 B.C.
Root vole	Microtus oeconomus	Rodentia	c. 1500 B.C.
Steppe pika	Ochotona pusilla	Lagomorpha	c. 8000 B.C.
†Cave hyena	Crocuta crocuta spelaea	Carnivora	c. 32,000 BP	[5][14]
Arctic fox	Vulpes lagopus	Carnivora	c. 10,000 BP	[5]
†Cave bear	Ursus spelaeus	Carnivora	c. 18,000 B.C.
†Cave lion	Panthera spelaea	Carnivora	c. 32,000 BP	[5]
Eurasian brown bear	Ursus arctos arctos	Carnivora	c. AD 1000	c. 1000–500 BC in Ireland
Polar bear	Ursus maritimus	Carnivora	c. unknown	[15]
Eurasian lynx	Lynx lynx	Carnivora	c. A.D. 400
Eurasian wolf	Canis lupus lupus	Carnivora	AD 1786	1166 Wales, 1390 England, 1680 Scotland, 1786 Ireland [16]
†European Ice Age leopard	Panthera pardus spelaea	Carnivora	c. 24,000 B.C.
†Scimitar-toothed cat	Homotherium latidens	Carnivora	c. 26,000 B.C.	[17]
Wolverine	Gulo gulo	Carnivora	c. 6000 B.C.
Walrus	Odobenus rosmarus	Carnivora	c. 1000 B.C.	occasional visitor [18]
†Narrow-nosed rhinoceros	Stephanorhinus hemiotoechus	Perissodactyla	c. 12,000 B.C
†Tarpan	Equus ferus ferus	Perissodactyla	c. 7000 B.C.	re-established proxy [19]
†European wild ass	Equus hemionus hydruntinus	Perissodactyla	c. 300,000 B.C.
†Woolly rhinoceros	Coelodonta antiquitatis	Perissodactyla	c. 10,000 B.C.
Gray whale	Eschrichtius robustus	Artiodactyla	c. 598 B.C.
†European hippopotamus	Hippopotamus antiquus	Artiodactyla	c. 135-114,000 BP	Ipswichian [5][20]
†Irish elk	Megaloceros giganteus	Artiodactyla	c. 6000 B.C.
Eurasian elk	Alces alces	Artiodactyla	c. 3200-600 B.C.
Reindeer	Rangifer tarandus	Artiodactyla	c. 8000 B.C	reintroduced to Britain[21]
Saiga antelope	Saiga tatarica	Artiodactyla	c. 10,000 B.C.
Musk ox	Ovibos moschatus	Artiodactyla	c. unknown
†Eurasian aurochs	Bos primigenius primigenius	Artiodactyla	c. 1000 B.C.
†Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Artiodactyla	c. unknown	[5]
Wisent	Bison bonasus	Artiodactyla	c. 3000 B.C.
Wild boar	Sus scrofa	Artiodactyla	c. 1400	reintroduced to Britain[22]

Birds

• Common crane – late medieval period (re-established)
• Dalmatian pelican – c. 1000 B.C.[23]
• Eurasian eagle owl - c. 8000 B.C. (re-established)[24]
• Eurasian spoonbill – 17th century (as a breeding bird) (re-established)[25]
• Fea's petrel – Iron Age
• †Great auk – 1844
• Great bustard – 19th century (reintroduced)
• Kentish plover – 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[26]
• Little egret – late medieval period (re-established)
• Northern goshawk – late 19th century (re-established)
• Osprey – 1916 (re-established)
• Pied avocet – 19th century (re-established)
• Red-backed shrike – 1989 (as a regular breeding bird)
• Western capercaillie – 1780s (reintroduced)
• Western marsh harrier – late 19th century (re-established)
• White stork – 1416 (reintroduced)[27]
• White-tailed eagle – 1916 (reintroduced)
• Wryneck (as a regular breeding bird)

Fish

• Burbot
• †Houting

Amphibians

• Agile frog – c. A.D. 1000, possibly 1500[28][29]
• European tree frog – 1986[28][30]
• Moor frog – c. A.D. 1000, possibly 1500[28][29]
• Pool frog – 1999[31] (reintroduced)[32]

Reptiles

• Aesculapian snake – c. Atlantic period >3000 B.C[33](escaped populations in London and Snowdonia)
• European pond terrapin – ≤ 3000 B.C. (possible escaped colonies established)
• Western green lizard – c. unknown[34](escaped populations in Bournemouth)

Insects

Beetles

• Agonum sahlbergi (ground beetle) – 1914
• Blue stag beetle – 19th century
• Graphoderus bilineatus (water beetle) – 1906
• Harpalus honestus (ground beetle) – 1905
• Horned dung beetle – 1957
• Ochthebius aeneus (water beetle) – 1913
• Platydema violaceum (tenebrionid) – 1957
• Rhantus aberratus (water beetle) – 1904
• Scybalicus oblongiusculus (ground beetle) – 1926
• Teretrius fabricii (histerid) – 1907

Bees, wasps and ants

• Andrena polita (mining bee) – 1934
• Bombus pomorum, apple bumblebee – 1864[35]
• Bombus cullumanus, Cullum's bumblebee – 1941[35]
• Eucera tuberculata (mining bee) – 1941
• Halictus maculatus (mining bee) – 1930
• Mellinus crabroneus (digger wasp) – c. 1950
• Odynerus reniformis (mason wasp) – 1915
• Odynerus simillimus (mason wasp) – 1905
• Bombus subterraneus, short-haired bumblebee – 1989[35]

Flies

• Merodon clavipes

Butterflies and moths

General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[36]

• Aporia crataegi, black-veined white – 1925
• Borkhausenia minutella – 1950
• Conformist (moth) –
• Euclemensia woodiella (moth) – 1829
• Flame brocade (moth) – 1919
• Frosted yellow (moth) – 1914
• Gypsy moth – 1907; reappeared 1995[37]
• Isle of Wight wave (moth) – 1931
• Large chequered skipper – c. 1989 (non-native, Channel Islands)
• Large copper – 1865
• Many-lined (moth) – 1875
• Map – c. 1914 (non-native)
• Mazarine blue – 1906
• Orache moth – 1915
• Reed tussock (moth) – 1875
• Scarce black arches (moth) – 1898 (transitory resident)
• Speckled beauty (moth) – 1898
• Union rustic (moth) – 1919
• Viper's bugloss (moth) –1969[38]

Dragonflies and damselflies

• Norfolk damselfly – 1957
• Orange-spotted emerald (dragonfly) – 1957

Caddisflies

• Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum (caddis fly) – 1926
• Hydropsyche exocellata (caddis fly) – 1901

Arachnids

• Gibbaranea bituberculata — 1954
• Hypsosinga heri — 1912
• Mastigusa arietina — 1926

Crustaceans

• Artemia salina (brine shrimp) – after 1758[39][40]

Molluscs

Land snails

• Fruticicola fruticum
• Cernuella neglecta

Reintroduction and re-establishment

Main article: Species reintroduction § United Kingdom

The white-tailed eagle has been successfully re-established on the western coast of Scotland.[41] Having clung on in parts of Wales,[42] red kites have been successfully re-established in parts of England and Scotland.[43] Ongoing projects involve both these species: the corn crake into parts of England and Scotland, and the great bustard on Salisbury Plain.

European beavers have been reintroduced to parts of Scotland, and there are plans to bring them back to other parts of Britain. A five-year trial reintroduction at Knapdale in Argyll started in 2009 and concluded in 2014.[44] A few hundred beavers live wild in the Tay river basin, as a result of escapes from a wildlife park.[45] A similar reintroduction trial is being undertaken on the river otter in Devon, England.[46] Also, around the country, beavers have been introduced into fenced reserves for many reasons including flood prevention.[47] In 2016, beavers were recognised as a British native species, and will be protected under law.[48]

In 2008, Eurasian elk were released into a fenced reserve on the Alladale Estate in the Highlands of Scotland. Reindeer were re-established in 1952; approximately 150–170 reindeer live around the Cairngorms region in Scotland.

Set up by the Wildwood Trust, Konik horses have been established across many reserves as a proxy for the extinct tarpan.[49]

In 1998, MAFF, now known as DEFRA released a report concerning the presence of two populations of wild boar living freely in the UK.[50] These boar are thought to have escaped from wildlife parks, zoos and from farms where they are farmed for their meat, and gone on to establish breeding populations.[51][52]

Around 20 white storks pass through the UK each year.[53] A colony at the Knepp Estate in Sussex, aided by zoologist Roisin Campbell-Palmer, hopes to reinforce these off-path migrants by introducing adults into a fenced reserve, where the juveniles born will be able to establish other colonies further afield.[54]

The northern clade of the pool frog was reintroduced from Swedish stock in 2005, to a single site in Norfolk, England, following detailed research to prove that it had been native prior to its extinction around 1993.

Smaller species, mainly reptiles, such as the green lizard and Aesculapian snake, have formed colonies probably due to a result of release from captivity.[55]

The large blue butterfly has been successfully re-established from Swedish stock at a number of sites, but few of these are open-access. There are also several successful cases of the establishment of new populations of heath fritillary.

There have been calls for the reintroduction of the Eurasian lynx, brown bear and grey wolf to the UK, because no large predators are living in viable populations in Great Britain. It is theorized that a large predators presence could create a trophic cascade,[56] thus improving the ecosystem.[57]

There are plans to reintroduce European bison into England in Spring 2022. The initial reintroduction would consist of one male and three females being released into a 150-hectare area with no accessible footpaths.[58]

See also

• List of mammals of the British Isles
• Extinct animals from the Isle of Man
• List of extinct animals of Europe
• List of extinct plants of the British Isles
• Introduced species of the British Isles
• Timeline of prehistoric Britain

References

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Further reading

• A Short History of the British Mammal Fauna (archived)
• The History of British Birds
• Buglife on bumblebees
• Joint Nature Conservation Committee – Invertebrates extinct in the last 100 years