List of Philippine mythological figures

Overview

The deities (anitos and diwatas) in Anitism vary among the many indigenous ethnic groups of the Philippines. Each ethnic group has their own distinct pantheon of deities. Some deities of ethnic groups have similar names or associations, but remain distinct from each other as the ethnic groups's culture are distinct and unique on their own.

Some ethnic groups have a supreme deity, while others revere ancestor spirits and/or the spirits of the natural world. The usage of the term "diwata" is mostly found in the central and southern Philippines while the usage of "anito" is found in the northern Philippines. There is also a 'buffer zone' area where both terms are used interchangeably. The etymology of diwata may have been derived from the Sanskrit word, devata, meaning "deity", while anito's etymology may have been derived from the proto-Malayo-Polynesian word qanitu and the proto-Austronesian qanicu, both meaning "ancestral spirits". Both diwata and anito can be translated into deities (gods and goddesses), ancestral spirits, and/or guardians, depending on the associated ethnic group. Each of the supreme deities per ethnic people is completely distinct, even if some of their names are the same or almost the same.[1][2]

Aside from the supreme deities per ethnic pantheon, there are also other deities who are ruled by the supreme deity of certain ethnic groups. All deities of various ethnic groups in the Philippines must be treated as existing and prevalent, as they are still believed by many societies, the same way Christians believe in a supreme god they refer as 'God' and the same way Muslims believe in god they refer as 'Allah'. Below are some of the deities per ethnic group:

Ivatan

Immortals
  • Supreme Being: referred to as Mayo, in one account[3]; probably regarded as remote as fear and meticulous ritual care are often related instead towards the Añitu[4]
  • Mayo: a fisherfolk hero who introduced the yuyus used to catch flying fishes called dibang, which are in turn used to catch the summertime fish arayu[5]
  • The Giver: the entity who provides all things; the souls of the upper class travel to the beings's abode in heaven and become stars[6]
  • Añitu: refers to the souls of the dead, place spirits, and wandering invisibles not identified nor tied down to any particular locale or thing[7]
  • Añitu between Chavidug and Chavayan: place spirit Añitus who were reported to create sounds when the gorge between Chavidug and Chavayan were being created through dynamite explosions; believed to have shifted their residences after the construction of the passage[8]
  • Rirryaw Añitu: place spirit Añitus who played music and sang inside a cave in Sabtang, while lighting up fire; believed to have change residences after they were disturbed by a man[9]
  • ji Rahet Añitu: a grinning place spirit Añitu who lived in an old tree; a man later cut the tree and found an earthen pot believed to have been owned by the Añitu[10]
  • Nuvwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who saved a woman from a falling tree; they are offered rituals through the vivyayin[11]
  • ji P'Supwan Añitu: good place spirt Añitus who became friends and allies of a mortal woman named Carmen Acido; sometimes taking in the form of dogs, they aided her and guided her in many of her tasks until her death from old age; despite their kindness towards Carmen, most people avoided the farm where they live[12]
  • Mayavusay Añitu: place spirit Añitus living in a parcel of land in Mayavusay; sometimes take in the form of piglets, and can return cut vegetation parts into the mother vegetation[13]
  • Cairn-dwelling Añitu: place spirit Añitus who lived in cairns and put a curse towards a man who destroyed their home; appearing as humans, the shaman Balaw conversed with them to right the wrong made by the man against their home[14]
  • Mayuray Añitu: a wandering Añitu who expanded and was filled with darkness; encountered by a young boy who the spirit did not harm; referred as a kapri, Añitus who walk around and grow as tall as the height for their surroundings[15]
  • Dayanak Añitu: a type of very small Añitu with red eyes and gold ornaments; accepting their gold ornaments will cause misfortune[16]

Mortals
  • Benita: a mortal woman who was visited by her deceased husband in the form of an Añitu, which led to the return of three parcels of land to their rightful owner; in another story, she was visited by her deceased goddaughter, which led to proper rituals which appeased her goddaughter's soul[17]
  • Maria: a mortal woman who was visited by the silent Añitu of her husaband's relative; the spirit was later appeased through prayers[18]
  • Juanito: a mortal man who was visited in a dream by his deceased father's Añitu, which led to him relenting to give more share of the family inheritance to his half-sister, Maring[19]
  • Wife of Leoncio Cabading: visited by her deceased husband's Añitu, who told her to stop the prayers for it will do nothing as he was killed by a violent landslide; the spirit offered her to join him, to which she rejected[20]
  • Carmen Acido: a mortal woman who became friends and allies of the Añitu from ji P'Supwan; she lived to over 80 years old[21]
  • Balaw: a medicine man and shaman who communicated and controlled certain Añitus[22]
  • Maria Barios: a woman whose back-basket was ridden by a wandering Añitu, who she carried until she arrived at the town center[23]
  • Juan Galarion: a man who saw a giant wandering Añitu, as large as the church of Mahataw; he believed it was a kapri[24]
  • Tita: a girl who was kidnapped and later returned by wandering Añitus; while being carred by the Añitus, she menstruated, which made the Añitus flee; the site where she landed is known as Ranum ñi Tita[25]

Tinguian (Itneg)

Immortals
  • Bagatulayan: the supreme deity who directs the activities of the world, including the celestial realms[26] referred also as the Great Anito[27]
  • Gomayen: mother of Mabaca, Binongan, and Adasin[28]
  • Mabaca: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[29]
  • Binongan: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[30]
  • Adasin: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[31]
  • Emlang: servant of the supreme deity[32]
  • Kadaklan: deity who is second in rank; taught the people how to pray, harvest their crops, ward off evil spirits, and overcome bad omens and cure sicknesses[33]
  • Apadel (Kalagang): guardian deity and dweller of the spirit-stones called pinaing[34]
  • Init-init: the god of the sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world[35]
  • Gaygayoma: the star goddess who lowered a basket from heaven to fetch the mortal Aponitolau, who she married[36]
  • Bagbagak: father of Gaygayoma[37]
  • Sinang: mother of Gaygayoma[38]
  • Takyayen: child of Gaygayoma and Aponitolaul popped out between Gaygayoma's last two fingers after she asked Aponitolau to prick there[39]
  • Makaboteng: the god and guardian of deer and wild hogs[40]

Mortals
  • Aponibolinayen: mortal spouse of the sun god, Init-init[41]
  • Aponitolau: mortal who was fetched by the star goddess Gaygayoma, despite him being already married[42]

Bontok

Immortals
  • Intutungcho (Kabunian): the supreme deity living above[43]; also referred to as Kabunian[44]; father of Lumawig and two other sons[45]
  • Lumawig: also referred as the supreme deity and the second son of Kabunian; an epic hero who taught the Bontoc their five core values for an egalitarian society[46]
  • First Son of Kabunian[47]
  • Third Son of Kabunian[48]
  • Chal-chal: the god of the sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat[49]; aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse
  • Kabigat: the goddess of the moon who cut of the head of Chal-chal's son; her action is the origin of headhunting[50]
  • Son of Chal-chal: his head was cut off by Kabigat; revived by Chal-chal, who bear no ill will against Kabigat[51]
  • Ob-Obanan: a deity whose white hair is inhabited by insects, ants, centipedes, and all the vermins that bother mankind; punished a man for his rudeness by giving him a basket filled with all the insects and reptiles in the world[52]
  • Chacha’: the god of warriors[53]
  • Ked-Yem: the god of blacksmiths who cut off the heads of the two sons of Chacha’ because they were destroying his work; was later challenged by Chacha’, which eventually led into a pechen pact to stop the fighting[54]
  • Two Sons of Chacha’: beheaded by Ked-Yem, because they were destroying his work[55]

Mortals
  • Fucan: younger of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao; married to Lumawig; later adopted the name Cayapon; died after dancing in a taboo way, which led to death being the norm among mortals[56]
  • Two Sons of Cayapon: the two children of Lumawig and Fucan; helped the people of Caneo, who afterwards killed by the two brothers[57]
  • Batanga: father of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao[58]

Ifugao

Immortals
  • Kabunian: supreme deity and chief among the high ranking deities above the skyworld[59]; also referred to as Mah-nongan, chief god generally referred to as the honorary dead and creator of all things[60]; in specific communities, both the names Mah-nongan and Kabunian (also Afunijon) are understood as the name of one chief deity, while in others, they are used to refer to many deities[61]
  • Afunijon: also a general term referred to the deities of heaven, which is also called Afunijon[62]
  • Mah-nongan: also a general term for deities who are given animal sacrifices[63]
  • Ampual: the god of the fourth skyworld who bestowed animals and plants on the people; controls the transplanting of rice[64]
  • Bumingi: in charge of worms, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests[65]
  • Liddum: the only deity who inhabits the realm called Kabunian; communicates directly with humans on earth[66]; chief mediator between the people and other gods[67]
  • Lumadab: has the power to dry up the rice leaves, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests[68]
  • Mamiyo: the stretcher of skeins, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving[69]
  • Monlolot: the winder of thread on the spindle, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving[70]
  • Puwok: controls the dread typhoons[71]
  • Yogyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld[72]
  • Alyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld[73]
  • Kolyog: the god of earthquakes[74]
  • Makalun: spirits that serve the function as messengers of the gods[75]
  • Namtogan: the paraplegic god of good fortune whose presence made rice harvests and community livestock bountiful; when the humans he was staying with at Ahin began neglecting the bulul, he left, causing a curse of misfortunes; the people persuaded him to return, where he responded by teaching the people how to create bululs and how to do the rituals for the statues, effectively lifting the curse[76]
  • Bulol: household divinities that are the souls of departed ancestors[77]; usually depicted as carved wooden statues stored in the rice granary; the ancestral images guard the crops, make the rice harvest plentiful, and protects the rice from pests and thieves and from being too quickly consumed[78]
  • Nabulul: spouse of Bugan; a god who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful[79]
  • Bugan: spouse of Nabulul; a goddess who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful[80]
  • Gatui: divinities associated with practical jokes, but have a malevolent side that feast on souls and cause miscarriages[81]
  • Tagbayan: divinities associated with death that feast on human souls that are guarded by two headed monsters called kikilan[82]
  • Imbayan: also called Lingayan; divinities who guide souls after they die[83]
    • Himpugtan: an Imbayan divinity who can terminate those that displease him[84]
  • Munduntug: divinities from the mountains who cause hunters to be lost[85]
  • Banig: spirits of the hillsides and caves[86]; among the Mayayao, the Banig take in the form of an animal who does not harm anyone, despite the people being afraid of their manifestation[87]
  • Mun-apoh: deified ancestral spirits who are guardians and sources of blessings provided by the living; they are respected, however, their blessings could also be turned into a curse[88]
  • Mahipnat: great spirits of sacred places[89]
  • Bibao: spirits of ordinary places[90]
  • Halupi: divinities of remembrance[91]
  • Fili: divinities of property[92]
  • Dadungut: divinities who dwell in graveyards and tombs[93]
  • Makiubaya: divinities who watch over the gates of the village[94]
  • Spirits of sickness
  • Binudbud: spirits that are invoked during feasts to quell the passions of men[97]
  • Kolkolibag: spirits who cause difficult labor[98]
  • Indu: spirits that make omens[99]
  • Hidit: divinities who give punishments to those that break taboos[100]
    • Puok: a kind of Hidit who use winds to destroy the dwellings of miners that break taboos[101]
  • Hipag: spirits of war that give soldiers courage on the field of war but are ferocious and cannibalistic[102]
  • Llokesin: the god of rats who figures in the myth of the first orange tree[103]
  • Bumabakal: the rejected corpse divinity of the skyworld; his dead body resides on top of Mount Dukutan, where his bodily fluids cause boils[104]
  • Kabigat: the god who sent a deluge which flooded the earth; married to the goddess Bugan[105]
  • Bugan: a goddess married to Kabigat; her children are a son named Wigan and a daughter also named Bugan[106]
  • Bugan: daughter of Bugan and Kabigat; stranded on earth after the great deluge, and became one of the two ancestors of mankind[107]
  • Wigan: son of Bugan and Kabigat; stranded on earth after the great deluge, and became one of the two ancestors of mankind[108]
  • Wigan: the god of good harvest[109]
  • Dumagid: a god who lived among the people of Benguet; married a mortal woman named Dugai and had a son named Ovug[110]
  • Ovug: son of Dumagid and Dugai; was cut in half by his father, where one of his halves was reanimated in the skyworld, and the other on earth; the voice of the skyworld's Ovug is the source of lightning and sharp thunder, while the voice of the earth's Ovug is the source of low thunder[111]
  • Bangan: the god who accompanied Dumagid in claiming Ovug from the earth[112]
  • Aninitud chalom: deity of the underworld, whose anger is manifested in a sudden shaking of the earth[113]
  • Aninitud angachar: deity of the sky world; causes lightning and thunder when unsatisfied with offerings[114]
  • Mapatar: the sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight[115]
  • Bulan: the moon deity of the night in charge of nighttime[116]
  • Mi’lalabi: the star and constellation deites[117]
  • Pinacheng: a group or class of deities usually living in caves, stones, creeks, rocks, and in every place; mislead and hide people[118]
  • Fulor: a wood carved into an image of a dead person seated on a death chair; an antique which a spirit in it, who bring sickness, death, and unsuccessful crops when sacrifices are not offered[119]
  • Inamah: a wooden plate and a home of spirits; destroying or selling it will put the family in danger[120]

Mortals
  • Dugai: the mortal mother of the split god Ovug; wife of the god Dumagid[121]
  • Humidhid: the headman of a village in the upstream region of Daya who carved the first bulul statues from the haunted or supernatural tree named Bongbong[122]
  • Unnamed Shaman: prayed to the deities, Nabulul and Bugan, to possess or live in the bulul statues carved by Humidhid[123]
  • Wife of Namtogan: a mortal woman who the god Namtogan married when he stayed at the village of Ahin[124]

Kankanaey

Immortals
  • Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life[125]
  • Bugan: married to Lumawig[126]
  • Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig[127]
  • Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig[128]
  • Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[129]
  • Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[130]
  • Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[131]
  • Timugan: two brothers who took their sankah (handspades) and kayabang (baskets) and dug a hole into the lower world, Aduongan; interrupted by the deity Masaken; one of the two agreed to marry one of Masaken's daughters, but they both went back to earth when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibals[132]
  • Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers[133]

Ibaloi

Immortals
  • Kabunian: the supreme deity and the origin of rice[134]; Kabunian is also the general term for deities[135]
  • Moon Deity: the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse[136]
  • Child of Kabunian: the child of Kabunian with a mortal woman; split in half, where one part became lightning and the other became thunder[137]
  • Matono: a brave woman who adventured into the underworld and saw the causes of poor crops and earthquakes; she afterwards reported her studies to the people of the earth; during the kosdëy, the people pray to her to not permit the rice, camotes, and other things to grow down, but to cause them to grow up[138]
  • Kabigat (of where the water rises): journeyed into the underworld to retrieve trees which became the forests of the middle world[139]
  • Kabigat (of where the water empties): taught Kabigat (of where the water empties) how to safely get trees from the underworld[140]
  • Masekën: ruler of the underworld with green eyebrows, red eyes, and a tail[141]
  • Kabigat (of the east): a large man in the east who adopted Bangan[142]
  • Bangan: son of Otot and adopted by Kabigat; a kind young man who loved both his father and foster-father; shared gold to the world though Kabigat[143]
  • Otot: a large man in the west who perished due to an accident, while travelling with his son, Bangan; a tree of gold rose from his burial, where Kabunian fell the tree and all gold on earth scattered from it[144]
  • Sun God: the deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld[145]

Mortals
  • Labangan: a man who was got the first grain of rice used by mankind from Kabunian[146]
  • Wife of Kabunian: the spouse of Kabunian who bore their child, which was split into two and revived into lightning and thunder[147]
  • Two Blind Women: two kind blind beggars in hunger who were driven away by their neighbors; fed by a woman who came from a rock and an old woman; one was given a sack or rice, while the other was given a bottle of water; when they returned home, they decided to replant the rice and distribute it to the people, while the bottle of water gushed out streams which also aided mankind[148]

Bugkalot (Ilongot)

Immortals
  • Delan: deity of the moon, worshiped with the sun and stars; congenial with Elag; during quarrels, Elag sometimes covers Delan's face, causing the different phases of the moon; giver of light and growth[149]
  • Elag: deity of the sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth[150]
  • Pandac: deity of the stars, worshiped with the sun and moon; giver of light and growth[151]
  • Cain: the headhunter creator of mankind; gave customs to the people; lived together with Abel in the sky but separated due to a quarrel[152]
  • Abel: prayed to when wishing long lives for children; lived together with Cain in the sky but separated due to a quarrel[153]
  • Keat: personification of lightning, depicted as the road of Cain and Abel[154]
  • Kidu: personification of thunder, which follows Keat[155]
  • Gemang: guardian of wild beasts[156]
  • Oden: deity of the rain, worshiped for its life-giving waters[157]
  • Tawen: personification of the sky[158]
  • Kalao: spirit birds[159]; depicted as red hornbills who guide and protect hunters and their soul[160]
  • Be’tang: unpredictable shape-shifting spirit-creatures living in the forests or wilderness called Gongot; youth and softness are their properties, while they can also alter a human's sense of time; they may take the form of a white dog, a large deer, a horse with a hanging tongue, a naked woman, or beings with grotesque shapes, whose attributes range from long arms and legs, small heads, oversized feet, fur bodies, to hairless bodies; they may also enter a person's dreams or paralyze a human[161]
  • Ga’ek Spirits: spirits in the Ga’ek magic plant used in relation to hunting and fishing; the naw-naw prayer is given to them[162]

Ilocano

Immortals
  • Unnamed Supreme God: the supreme god who tasked the primordial giants to initiate the creation of many things[163]
  • Buni: possibly the name of the supreme god[164]
  • Parsua: the creator deity[165]
  • Primordial Giants
    • Anglao: also called Angalo; dug the earth and made the mountains, urinated into the holes in the earth and made the rivers and lakes, and put up the sky, the sun, the moon, and arranged the stars at the behest of the supreme god[166]
    • Aran: one of the two primordial giants tasked with the creation of many things[167]
  • Apo Langit: the deity of heaven[168]
  • Apo Angin: the deity of wind[169]
  • Apo Init: the deity of the sun[170]
  • Apo Tudo: the deity of the rain[171]
  • Abra: an old god who controls the weather; married to Makiling, the elder[172]
  • Makiling (the elder): the goddess gave birth to Cabuyaran[173]
  • Cabuyaran: the goddess of healing; daughter of Abra and Makiling, the elder; she eloped with Anianihan[174]
  • Anianihan: the god of harvest who eloped with Cabuyaran[175] He was chosen by Cabuyaran as her spouse, instead of her father’s preferences such as Saguday, god of wind, or Revenador, god of thunder and lightning[176]
  • Saguday: the god of the wind who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to be his daughter's spouse[177]
  • Revenador: the god of thunder and lightning who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to his daughter's spouse[178]
  • Bulan: the god of peace who comforted the grieving Abra[179]
  • Amman: the god of the sun, where the sun is his eye[180]
  • Makiling (the younger): granddaughter of Makiling, the elder; she is guarded by the dog god Lobo in the underworld[181]
  • Lobo: a god who was punished to become a large dog guarding the entrance to the underworld[182]
  • Unnamed God: the underworld god who punished Lobo[183]
  • Dal'lang: the goddess of beauty[184]

Mortals
  • Lam-ang: an epic hero who journeyed to avenge his father and court Ines Kannoyan; aided by the dog and the rooster, and in some versions, the cat as well[185]
  • Namongan: mother of Lam-ang[186]
  • Don Juan: father of Lam-ang[187]
  • Ines Kannoyan: beautiful maiden who became the lover of Lam-ang; aided the resurrection of Lam-ang[188]

Pangasinense

Immortals
  • Ama: supreme deity of the Pangasinense people, ruler of others, and the creator of mankind; sees everything through his aerial abode; father of Agueo and Bulan[189] also referred as Ama-Gaolay[190]
  • Agueo: the morose and taciturn sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light[191]
  • Bulan: the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves[192]

Mortals
  • Urduja: a warrior princess who headed a supreme fleet[193]

Sambal

Immortals
  • Malayari: also called Apo Namalyari, the supreme deity and creator[194]
  • Akasi: the god of health and sickness; sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari[195]
  • Kayamanan: the goddess of wealth in Sambal mythology; with Kainomayan, the goddess of plenty, she aided a farmer by bringing him good fortune, however, the farmer became greedy; as punishment, she transformed the farmer into a swarm of locusts[196][197]
  • Deities in Charge of the Rice Harvest
    • Dumangan: god of good harvest[198]
    • Kalasakas: god of early ripening of rice stalks[199]
    • Kalasokus: god of turning grain yellow and dry[200]
    • Damulag: also called Damolag, god of protecting fruiting rice from the elements[201]
  • Manglubar: the god of peaceful living[202]
  • Mangalagar: the goddess of good grace[203]
  • Anitun Tauo: the goddess of win and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit[204]

Kapampangan

Immortals
  • Mangetchay: the supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the sun[205] in other versions, she is also the creator and net-weaver of the heavens[206]
  • Daughter of Mechetchay: a daughter of Mangetchay whose beauty sparked the great war between the gods, leading to the formation of the earth through stones thrown by the deities; lived on the planet Venus[207]
  • Wife of Mangetchay: wife of Mangetchay who gave birth to their daughter whose beauty sparked the great war; lives in the moon[208]
  • Suku: also called Sinukwan, a gigantic being who radiated positive traits[209]
  • Makiling: a goddess who married Suku[210]
  • Malagu: goddess of beauty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[211]
  • Mahinhin: goddess of modesty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[212]
  • Matimtiman: goddess of charm who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[213]
  • Aring Sinukûan: sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy, wood cutting, rice culture and even waging war[214]; lives in Mount Arayat, and later included a female form[215]; rules over Arayat together with the deity, Mingan[216]
  • Mingan: a deity who rules with Sinukuan over Arayat, also called Kalaya and Alaya[217]
  • Apûng Malyari: moon god who lives in Mt. Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers[218]
  • Tálâ: the bright star, the one who introduced wet-rice culture[219]
  • Munag Sumalâ: the golden serpent child of Aring Sinukuan; represents dawn[220]
  • Lakandanup: son of Aring Sinukuan; the god of gluttony and represents the sun at noon time[221]
  • Gatpanapun: son of Aring Sinukuan; the noble who only knew pleasure and represents the afternoon[222]
  • Sisilim: child of Apûng Malyari; she represents the dusk and is greeted by the songs of the cicada upon her arrival[223]
  • Galurâ: winged assistant of Aring Sinukuan; a giant eagle and the bringer of storms[224]
  • Nága: serpent deities known for their protective nature; their presence in structures are talismans against fire[225]
    • Lakandanum: variant of the Naga, known to rule the waters[226]
  • Lakandánup: serpent goddess who comes during total eclipses; followed by famine; eats a person's shadow, which will result in withering and death; daughter of Ápung Sínukuan and Dápu[227]
  • Dápu: crocodile deity who holds the earth on her back; a nunu or earth goddess, and known as the mother ocean[228]
  • Láwû: a giant creature similar to a mixture of a bird, a serpent, and a crocodile who seeks to swallow Aldó and Búlan; the soul of Dápu who does her bidding as Dápu has been weakened when her belly burst; in another, less common, version, Láwû is the ghost of Dápu; while in another, Láwû is the descendant of Dápu, seeking revenge for the deity's mother[229]
  • Batálâ : kingfisher deity, known as the father sky; known as Salaksak, he was swallowed by Dápu, where he dissolved and his two souls came out, bursting out of Dápu’s belly[230]
  • Souls of Batálâ
    • Aldó: the white fiery bird[231]
    • Búlan: the red fiery bird[232]

Mortals
  • Piriang: a prideful maiden who would rather marry a demon than a poor man[233]
  • Guanchiango: a man who was deceived by a demon, who he released from a jar[234]

Tagalog

Immortals
  • Bathala: supreme god and creator deity, also known as Bathala Maykapal, Lumilikha, and Abba; an enormous being with control over thunder, lightning, flood, fire, thunder, and earthquakes; presides over lesser deities and uses spirits to intercede between divinities and mortals[235][236]; referred by Muslims as Anatala[237]; the tigmamanuquin (tigmamanukan) is attributed to Bathala[238]
  • Primordial Kite: caused the sky and the sea to war, which resulted in the sky to throw boulders at the sea, creating islands; built a nest on an island and left the sky and sea in peace[239]
  • Unnamed God: the god of vices mentioned as a rival of Bathala[240]
  • Mayari: goddess of the moon[241]; sometimes identified as having one eye[242]; ruler of the world during nighttime and daughter of Bathala[243]
  • Hanan: goddess of the morning[244]; daughter of Bathala[245]
  • Tala: goddess of stars[246]; daughter of Bathala[247]; also called Bulak Tala, deity of the morning star, the planet Venus seen at dawn[248]
  • Idianale: goddess of labor, good deeds; sometimes referred as a goddess of the rice fields[249][250]; a patron of cultivated lands and husbandry[251]
  • Dumangan: god of good harvest married to Idianale[252]
  • Dumakulem: guardian of created mountains, son of Idianale and Dumangan, married to Anagolay[253]
  • Anitun Tabu: goddess of wind and rain and daughter of Idianale and Dumangan[254]
  • Amanikable: god of the sea who was spurned by the first mortal woman; also a god of hunters[255][256]
  • Lakapati: hermaphrodite deity and protector of sown fields, sufficient field waters, and abundant fish catch[257]; a major fertility deity[258]; deity of vagrants and waifs[259]; a patron of cultivated lands and husbandry[260]
  • Ikapati: goddess of cultivated land and fertility[261]
  • Mapulon: god of seasons married to Ikapati[262]
  • Anagolay: goddess of lost things and daughter of Ikapati and Mapulon[263]
  • Apolake: god of sun and warriors[264]; son of Anagolay and Dumakulem[265]; sometimes referred as son of Bathala and brother of Mayari; ruler of the world during daytime[266]
  • Dian Masalanta: goddess of lovers, daughter of Anagolay and Dumakulem[267]; a patron of lovers and of generation; the Spanish called the deity Alpriapo, as compared with the Western deity Priapus[268]
  • Lakan-bakod: god of the fruits of the earth who dwells in certain plants[269]; the god of crops[270]; the god of rice whose hollow statues have gilded eyes, teeth, and genitals; food and wine are introduced to his mouth to secure a good crop[271]; the protector of fences[272]
  • Sidapa: god of war who settles disputes among mortals[273]
  • Amansinaya: goddess of fishermen[274]
  • Amihan: a primordial deity who intervened when Bathala and Amansinaya were waging a war[275]; a gentle wind deity, daughter of Bathala, who plays during half of the year, as playing together with her brother, Habagat, will be too much for the world to handle[276]
  • Habagat: an active wind deity, son of Bathala, who plays during half of the year, as playing together with his sister, Amihan, will be too much for the world to handle[277]
  • Protectors of the Abode of Souls
    • Balakbak: one of the two guardians of Tanguban, the abode of the souls of the dead[278]
    • Balantay: one of the two guardians of Tanguban, the abode of the souls of the dead[279]
  • Sitan: torturer of souls in the lower world called Kasanaan; has many lower divinities that do his bidding[280]; fought with Bathala for the battle of mortal souls[281]
  • Divinities under Sitan
    • Mangaguay: spreader of disease and suffering; roams the mortal world to induce maladies with her charms[282][283]
    • Manisilat: makes broken homes by turning spouses against each other[284]
    • Mangkukulam: pretends to be a doctor and emits fire[285]
    • Hukloban: can change into any form she desires[286][287]
  • Priestly Agents of the Divinities
    • Silagan: tempt people and eat the liver of those who wear white during mourning; sibling of Mananangal[288]
    • Mananangal: frightens people as she has no head, hands, and feet; sister of Silagan[289]
    • Asuan: flies at night and murder men; one of the five agent brothers[290]
    • Mangagayuma: specializing in charms, especially those which infuses the heart with love; one of the five agent brothers[291]
    • Sunat: a well-known priest; one of the five agent brothers[292]
    • Pangatahuyan: a soothsayer; one of the five agent brothers[293]
    • Bayuguin: tempts women into a life of shame; one of the five agent brothers[294]
  • Sinukan: tasked her lover Bayani to complete a bridge[295]
  • Bayani: lover of Sinukan who failed to complete a bridge; engulfed by a stream caused by the wrath of Sinukan[296]
  • Ulilangkalulua: a giant snake that could fly; enemy of Bathala, who was killed during their combat[297][298]
  • Galangkalulua: winged god who loves to travel; Bathala's companion who perished due to an illness, where his head was buried in Ulilangkalulua's grave, giving birth to the first coconut tree, which was used by Bathala to create the first humans[299][300]
  • Uwinan Sana: the god of the fields and the jungle[301]
  • Haik: the god of the sea who protects travelers from tempests and storms[302]
  • Lakambini: the deity who protects throats and who is invoked to cure throat aches; also called Lakandaytan, as the god of attachment[303]
  • Lakang Balingasay: deity who resides in the poisonous balingasay tree; a feared and powerful spirit of the jungle; compared with the Western divinity Beezlebub, the deity of flies[304]
  • Bighari: the flower-loving goddess of the rainbow; a daughter of Bathala[305]
  • Bibit: deity who is offered food first when somebody is sick[306]
  • Linga: deity invoked by the sick[307]
  • Liwayway: the goddess of dawn; a daughter of Bathala[308]
  • Tag-ani: the god of harvest; a son of Bathala[309]
  • Kidlat: the god of lightning; a son of Bathala[310]
  • Hangin: the god of wind; a son of Bathala[311]
  • Bulan-hari: one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak; can command rain to fall; married to Bitu-in[312]
  • Bitu-in: one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak[313]
  • Alitaptap: daughter of Bulan-hari and Bitu-in; has a star on her forehead, which was struck by Bulan-hari, resulting to her death; her struck star became the fireflies[314]
  • Makiling: the kind goddess of Mount Makiling and protector of its environment and wildlife[315]
  • Maylupa: also called Meylupa, the crow master of the earth[316]
  • Alagaka: the protector of hunters[317]
  • Bingsol: the god of ploughmen[318]
  • Biso: the police officer of heaven[319]
  • Bulak Pandan: deity of the cotton of pandanus[320]
  • Dalagang nasa Buwan: the maiden of the moon[321]
  • Ginuong Dalaga: the goddess of crops[322]
  • Dalagang Binubukot: the cloistered maiden in the moon[323]
  • Ginuong Ganay: the lady old maid[324]
  • Hasanggan: a terrible god[325]
  • Kampungan: the god of harvests and sown fields[326]
  • Kapiso Pabalita: the news-giving protector of travelers[327]
  • Lampinsaka: the god of the lame and cripple[328]
  • Makapulaw: the god of sailors[329]
  • Makatalubhay: the god of bananas[330]
  • Matanda: the god of merchants and second-hand dealers[331]
  • Ang Maygawa: the owner of the work[332]
  • Paalulong: the god of the sick and the dead[333]
  • Paglingniyalan: the god of hunters[334]
  • Ginuong Pagsuutan: the protectress of women and travail[335]
  • Lakang Pinay: the old midwife-lord[336]
  • Pusod-Lupa: the earth-navel and a god of the fields[337]
  • Sirit: a servant of the gods with a snake's hiss[338]
  • Sungmasandal: the one that keeps close[339]
  • Pilipit: a divinity whose statuette looks like a cat, where solemn oaths are made in the deity's presence[340]
  • Mangkukutod: protector of palm trees[341]
  • Bernardo Carpio: a giant trapped between two mountains in Montalban; his movements create earthquakes[342]
  • Sawa: a deity who assumed the form of a giant snake when he appeared to a priestess in a cave-temple[343]
  • Rajo: a giant who stole the formula for creating wine from the gods; tattled by the night watchman who is the moon; his conflict with the moon became the lunar eclipse[344]
  • Unnamed Moon God: the night watchman who tattled on Rajo's theft, leading to an eclipse[345]
  • Nuno: the owner of the mountain of Taal, who disallowed human agriculture at Taal's summit[346]

Mortals
  • Pablo Maralit: an epic hero who became the ruler of Lipa; has various powers and amulets[347]
  • Catalina: wife of Pablo Maralit[348]
  • Balo-na: a wise old woman who foresaw the arrival of the warriors of La-ut that would conquer and ransack the land of Pinak[349]

Bicolano

Immortals
  • Gugurang: the supreme god; causes the pit of Mayon volcano to rumble when he is displeased; cut Mt. Malinao in hald with a thunderbolt[350]; the god of good[351]
  • Asuang: brother of Gugurang; an evil god who wanted Gugurang's fire, and gathered evil spirits and advisers to cause immortality and crime to reign; vanquished by Gugurang but his influence still lingers[352]
  • Assistants of Gugurang
    • Linti: controls lightning[353]
    • Dalodog: controls thunder[354]
  • Unnamed Giant: supports the world; movement from his index finger causes a small earthquake, while movement from his third finger causes strong ones; if he moves his whole body, the earth will be destroyed[355]
  • Languiton: the god of the sky[356]
  • Tubigan: the god of the water[357]
  • Dagat: goddess of the sea[358]
  • Paros: god of the wind; married to Dagat[359]
  • Daga: son of Dagat and Paros; inherited his father'control of the wind; instigated an unsuccessfully rebellion against his grandfather, Languit, and died; his body became the earth[360]
  • Adlao: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun[361]; in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seas[362]
  • Bulan: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the moon[363]; in another myth, he was alive and from his cut arm, the earth was established, and from his tears, the rivers and seas were established[364]
  • Bitoon: daughter of Dagat and Paros; accidentally killed by Languit during a rage against his grandsons' rebellion; her shattered body became the stars[365]
  • Unnamed God: a sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remained[366]
  • Magindang: the god of fishing who leads fishermen in getting a good fish catch through sounds and signs[367]
  • Okot: the forest god whose whistle would lead hunters to their prey[368]
  • Bakunawa: a serpent that seeks to swallow the moon[369]
  • Haliya: the goddess of the moon[370]
  • Batala: a good god who battled against Kalaon[371]
  • Kalaon: an evil god of destruction[372]
  • Son of Kalaon: son of Kalaon who defied his evil father's wishes[373]
  • Onos: freed the great flood that changed the land's features[374]
  • Oryol: a wily serpent who appeared as a beautiful maiden with a seductive voice; admired the hero Handyong's bravery and gallantry, leading her to aid the hero in clearing the region of beasts until peace came into the land[375]

Mortals
  • Baltog: the hero who slew the giant wild boar Tandayag[376]
  • Handyong: the hero who cleared the land of beasts with the aid of Oryol; crafted the people's first laws, which created a period for a variety of human inventions[377]
  • Bantong: the hero who single-handedly slew the half-man half-beast Rabot[378]
  • Dinahong: the first potter; a pygmy who taught the people how to cook and make pottery
  • Ginantong: made the first plow, harrow, and other farming tools[379]
  • Hablom: the inventor of the first weaving loom and bobbins[380]
  • Kimantong: the first person to fashion the rudder called timon, the sail called layag, the plow called arado, the harrow called surod, the ganta and other measures, the roller, the yoke, the bolo, and the hoe[381]
  • Sural: the first person to have thought of a syllabry; carved the first writing on a white rock-slab from Libong[382]
  • Gapon: polished the rock-slab where the first writing was on[383]
  • Takay: a lovely maiden who drowned during the great flood; transformed into the water hyacinth in Lake Bato[384]
  • Rosa: a sun god's lover, who perished after the sun god accidentally burned her entire village[385]

Waray

Immortals
  • Makapatag-Malaon: the supreme deity with both male and female aspect; the male aspect is Makapatag, the leveler who is fearful and destructive, while the female aspect is Malaon, the ancient understanding goddess[386][176]
  • Badadum: a guide of the dead; gathers the souls of the newly dead to meet their relatives at the mouth of a river in the lower world[387]
  • Hamorawan Lady: the deity of the Hamorawan spring in Borongan, who blesses the waters with healing properties[388]
  • Maka-andog: an epic giant-hero who was friends with the sea spirits and controlled wildlife and fish; first inhabitant and ruler of Samar who lived for five centuries; later immortalized as a deity of fishing[389]

Mortals
  • Igsabod: one of the 10-11 giant siblings of Maka-andog; friends with the sea spirits[390]
  • Paula Tomaribo: giant wife and, in some tales, the sibling of Maka-andog; in another tale, she was of Moro origin[391]
  • Banogbarigos: brother of Maka-andog; became the first aswang[392]
  • Pagsabihon: one who punishes those who speak of him[393]
  • Delbora: the one who kaingin farmers offer food; wife of Delalaman[394]
  • Sanghid: wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed; has the power to move back the sun[395]
  • Mother of Maka-andog: a gigantic being whose head alone is as large as a hill; lived in Mt. Hurao[396]
  • Father of Maka-andog: lived in Mt. Hurao in the middle of Samar; more powerful than his sons, including Maka-andog[397]
  • Tigalhong: brother of Maka-andog; first inhabitant of Leyte[398]
  • Delalaman: a giant who defeated a priest in a challenge; remained faithful to the old faith, and was never baptised, just like Maka-andog and the other ancestors[399]
  • Dawisan: one of 9-12 children of Maka-andog who inherited his father's strength and magic[400]
  • Yugang: a wife of Maka-andog associated with the gold loom[401]

Bisaya

Immortals
  • Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightning[402]; in some myths, is married to Maguyaen[403]; also referred as Bathala in one myth[404]; also referred as Abba in one chronicle[405]
  • Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of Kaptan[406]
  • Messengers of Kaptan
    • Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swords[407]
    • Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords[408]
    • Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the sea[409]
  • Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the sea[410]
  • Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened[411]
  • Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islands[412]
  • Helpers of Manaul
  • Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of Maguayan[415]
  • Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of Kaptan[416]
  • Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earth[417]
  • Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sun[418]
  • Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon[419]
  • Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the stars[420]
  • Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the good[421]
  • Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night[422]
  • Bakunawa: the serpent deity who can coil around the world; sought to swallow the seven "Queen" moons, successfully eating the six, where the last is guarded by bamboos[423]
  • Divities under Kaptan
    • Makilum-sa-twan: the god of plains and valleys[424]
    • Makilum-sa-bagidan: the god of fire[425]
    • Makilum-sa-tubig: the god of the sea[426]
    • Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the god of streams[427]
    • Magdan-durunoon: the god of hidden lakes[428]
    • Sarangan-sa-bagtiw: the god of storms[429]
    • Suklang-malaon: the goddess of happy homes[430]
    • Alunsina: the goddess of the sky[431]
    • Abyang: another deity under Kaptan[432]
  • Maka-ako: also called Laon; the creator of the universe[433]
  • Linok: the god of earthquakes[434]
  • Makabosog: a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungry[435]
  • Sidapa: the goddess of death; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Makaptan[436]
  • Makaptan: the god of sickness; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Sidapa; he is a brother of Magyan and Sumpoy[437]
  • Deities under Sidapa and Makaptan
    • Danapolay: the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and Makaptan[438]
    • Tagusirangan[439]
    • Duwindihan[440]
    • Dalongdongan[441]
    • Tagabititlakan-ka-adlaw[442]
    • Suta[443]
    • Agta[444]
    • Tabukuun[445]
  • Sappia: the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds, giving the origin of white rice; when milk ran out, blood came out from her breast, giving the origin of red rice[446]
  • Tan Mulong: guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned; has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitals[447]
  • Pandaque: messenger of Sidapa; sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld, Kahilwayan, from the lower world, Kasakitan; lives in Kasakitan, despite being a messenger of Sidapa, who lives in the middleworld, Kamaritaan[448]; also referred as Pandagoy[449]
  • Magyan: carries the souls of the dead to the lower world, Kasakitan, on his boat called balanday; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Sumpoy; he is a brother of Makaptan and Sumpoy[450]
  • Sumpoy: takes the souls from Magyan's balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu-nituhan; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Magyan; he is a brother of Magyan and Makaptan[451]
  • Sisiburanen: ruler of Kanitu-nituhan, a sub-realm of the lower world, Kasakitan; acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld; feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu-nituhan for years[452]
  • Kuruntang
    • Simuran: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan[453]
    • Siguinarugan: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan[454]; also referred as Siginarugan and Siginarungan[455]
  • Other inhabitants of Kasakitan
    • Abyang Durunuun: the goddess of charms[456]
    • Saragnayan: the god of darkness who protected his wife, Nagmalitong Yawa Sinagmaling, from all adversaries in Panay mythologies; his source of immortality was inputted on a wild boar, and upon the killing of the boar, he became mortal and was killed by Buyung Baranugon[457][458]
    • Pinganun-pinganun: the god of enchanted places[459]
    • Unmagad Palinti[460]
    • Sumpay Pako-Pako[461]
  • Gods of War
  • Lalahon: the goddess of fire, volcanoes, and the harvest[465]; also referred as Laon[466]
  • Santonilyo: a deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at sea[467]; deity of the white men, referring to Spanish colonizers[468]
  • Gunung: a deity of volcanoes[469]
  • Magbibaya: a deity similar to the god Magbabaya of the Bukidnon[470]
  • Lumawig: a deity mentioned in the Aginid[471]
  • Linug: a deity of earthquakes[472]
  • Cacao: the goddess of Mount Lantoy who sells her products through a golden ship which can flood rivers[473]
  • Mangao: husband of Cacao[474]

Mortals
  • Sicabay: the first woman[475]
  • Sicalac: the first man[476]
  • Libo: the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[477]
  • Saman: the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[478]
  • Pandaguan: a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac; a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark; father of Arion; challenged to overpower the gods, and was punished by zapping[479]
  • Arion: son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a white-skinned race[480]
  • Son of Saman and Sicalac: was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a yellow-skinned race[481]
  • Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu[482]; defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature; a verified historical person[483]
  • Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly-respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical person[484]
  • Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra[485]
  • Sri Bantug: a ruler of Sugbo[486]
  • Binibini Anduki: sister of Sri Lumay[487]
  • Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children[488]
  • Sawili: son of Lapulapu and Bulakna[489]
  • Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards Bulakna[490]
  • Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before Lapulapu[491]; in other versions, he is Lapulapu's uncle or friend and right-hand man; has supernatural powers, various amulets of whirlpools and oil, and a flying horse[492]
  • Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang Matana[493]; also called Matang Mantaunas or Bauga[494]
  • Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of Lapulapu[495]
  • Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one tale[496]
  • Sri Lamaraw Dula: brother of Humabon[497]
  • Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[498]
  • Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[499]
  • Umindig: chief of Bo. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[500]
  • Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[501]
  • Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[502]
  • Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stone[503]

Ilonggo (Hiligaynon)

Immortals
  • Laon: the supreme goddess and creator residing in Mount Kanlaon; governs the harvest, pestilence, and locusts[504]
  • Makaako: the creator and the most powerful god[505]
  • Kaptan: god of the earth[506]
  • Magyawan: god of the sea[507]
  • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[508]
  • Sidapa: god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia-as; determines the day of a person's death by marking every newborn's lifespan on a very tall tree on Madya-as[509]
  • Pandaque: god who is given ritual offerings so that a soul of the deceased will not be taken by the gods responsible for torment in the afterlife[510]
  • Gods of Torment
  • Bulalakaw: god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia-as[513]; malevolent deity in the form of a bird with a flaming tail[514]
  • Mama Guayen: a god that carries the souls of the dead in a boat to the ends of the earth[515]; also called Maguayen[516]
  • Sumpoy: god who guides the soul toward a very high mountain[517]
  • Sisiburanen: the god who rules the mountain where Sumpoy drops off the souls of the dead[518]
  • Mangalos: the spirits who eat the insides of children; takes away young lives[519]
  • Hangin: the spirits of the death wind; takes the life of the elderly[520]
  • Sitaho: also called Sibo Malabag; the god of the early migrants from Borneo[521]
  • Cabus-Cabus: deified shaman[522]
  • Dangse: deified shaman[523]
  • Estrella Bangotbanwa: deified shaman from the 19th century[524]
  • Gods of War

Capiznon

Immortals
  • Laon: the supreme deity; a goddess said to reside in the mountain at the neighboring island of Negros[528]
  • Bulalakaw: a bird god who looks like a peacock and can cause illneses; lives in Mount Madja-as[529]
  • Mediators to the Gods
    • Bangutbanwa: ensures good harvests and an orderly universe[530]
    • Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons; punishes enemies[531]
    • Soliran: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies[532]
    • Solian: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies[533]
    • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[534]
  • Tungkung Langit: the god of the sky who brings famine, drought, storms, and floods[535]
  • Lulid-Batang: the god of the earth, responsible for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions[536]
  • Linting Habughabug: the god of lightning, whose look kills people and who shouts in anger[537]
  • Launsina: the goddess of the sun, moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her[538]
  • Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan: the goddess of greed to whom people pray when they want to get rich[539]
  • Saragnayan: the god of darkness who has the power to replace brightness with darkness[540]
  • Lubay-lubyuk Hanginun si Mahuyuk-huyukun: the goddess of the evening breeze; cools people, especially during the summer[541]
  • Suklang Malayun: the guardian of happy homes[542]
  • Maklilum-sa-twan: the god of the plains and valleys.[543]
  • Agurang: the good spirit who fought against Asuwang[544]
  • Asuwang: the malevolent spirit who fought against Asuwang[545]

Aklanon

Immortals
  • Gamhanan: the supreme deity and giver of life, security, and livelihood; lives with many other gods in Mount Daeogdog, where he gives life and punishes errant mortals; used to have a loyal deer-like pet and messenger called Panigotlo, which bleated as a sign of abundance to mortals or foretells floods and despairs to alert the people[546]
  • Bululakaw: lived in the island’s sacred mountain called Madya-as[547]
  • Laon: a chief goddess[548]
  • Mediators to the Gods
    • Bangutbanwa: deity who is prayed to for a good harvests and an orderly universe[549]
    • Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons and punishes enemies[550]
    • Soliran: performs marriage ceremonies[551]
    • Solian: performs marriage ceremonies[552]
    • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[553]

Mortals
  • Damhanan: the hunter who killed Panigotlo, the sacred deer-like pet of Gamhanan[554]

Karay-a

Immortals
  • Maka-ako: the supreme deity residing on the uppermost level of the cosmic universe's seven layers[555]
  • Alunsina: the mother goddess of the Hinilawod epic heroes; aided in the battle against Saragnayon[556]
  • Laonsina: a sky goddess and grandmother of Nagmalitung Yawa[557]
  • Unnamed Sky God: a sky god who prevented Balanakon from traveling to Labaw Donggon's territory[558]
  • Tagna-an: the creator god and a busalian shaman; the most powerful and versatile of all ma-aram shamans[559]
  • Hugna-an: the first man; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an[560]
  • Humihinahon: the first woman; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an[561]
  • Kapapu-an: the pantheon of ancestral spirits from whom the supernatural powers of shamans originated from; their aid enables specific types of shamans to gush water from rocks, leap far distances, create oil shields, become invisible, or pass through solid matter[562]
  • Papu Estrella Bangotbanwa: a deified shaman who controlled the forces of nature[563]
  • Sidapa: god who establishes a person's lifespan through a very tall tree on Mount Madia-as[564]
  • Pandaque: god who allows the souls of the dead to enter Mount Madya-as, the home of the dead, if a proper mag-anito ritual is held[565]
  • Simuran: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions[566]
  • Siginarugan: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions[567]
  • Bangle: carries the non-liquefied soul across the water; the way he carries the soul differs depending on the soul's answers to his questions[568]
  • Bagubu: deity of the stream which follows after the crossing with Bangle[569]

Mortals
  • Labaw Donggon: an epic hero who journeyed to many lands[570]
  • Gimbitinan: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Asu Mangga[571]
  • Anggoy Doronoon: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Buyung Baranugun[572]
  • Yawa Sinagmaling: the wife of the lord, Saragnayon; Labaw Donggon fell in love with her, leading to the battle between Labaw Donggon and Saragnayon[573]
  • Saragnayon: husband of Yawa Sinagmaling; became a mortal after the wild boar which safeguards his immortality was defeated[574]
  • Asu Mangga: hero son of Gimbitinan and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father[575]
  • Buyung Baranugun: hero son of Anggoy Doronoon and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father[576]
  • Humadapnon: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon and husband of Nagmalitung Yawa[577]; aided by an enchanted tree and three messengers birds in the courting of Nagmaliyung Yawa[578]
  • Nagmalitung Yawa: a powerful binukot who rescued her husband by transforming herself into a man named Buyung Sunmasakay[579]; defeated the thousand army in Tarangban; when her mother Matan-ayon was in old age, a ritual was conducted where Nagmalitung Yawa found out about Humadapnon's promiscuity; Matan-ayon's powers were transferred to her, and she ascended into heaven with the aid of her grandmother Laonsina[580]
  • Malubay Hanginon: a powerful binukot who captured and imprisoned by Humadapnon; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa under her male form[581]
  • Paglambuhan: a warrior who was keeping the Timpara Alimuon sacred boat in his fortress; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap[582]
  • Matan-ayon: mother of Nagmalitung Yawa; thinking that Humadapnon has died, makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant to compel to her marriage with the revived Paglambuhan; Humadapnon later kills the couple, but is reunited with the revived Nagmalitung Yawa[583]; in the Sugidanon epic, she married the reluctant Labaw Donggon[584]
  • Dumalapdap: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon[585]
  • Tikim Kadlum: an enchanted dog that rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting[586]
  • Datu Paiburong: owner of Tikim Kadlum[587]
  • Amburukay: married to Labaw Donggon after she consented her golden pubic hair to be used in Labaw Donggon's kudyapi[588]
  • Pahagunon: an underworld being who abducts one of Labaw Donggon's wife, Ayon[589]
  • Ayon: abducted by Pahagunon after Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea turtle[590]
  • Giant Crab Master: a master who has a giant crab follower, who aids in the abduction of one of Labaw Donggon's wives; his loyal crab can transform into an island with betel-nut trees[591]
  • Sanagnayan: a being whose life-force is in an egg in a lion’s heart; the sister of Matan-ayon is rescused by Labaw Donggon fom Sanagnayan[592]
  • Balanakon: prevented by the god of the sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon's territory, resulting in a long-drawn battle[593]

Suludnon (Panay-Bukidnon)

Immortals
  • Tungkung Langit: the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata; he is of unknown origin, coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheon[594]
  • Assistants of Tungkung Langit
    • Bangun Bangun: the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements[595]
    • Pahulangkug: the deity who changes the seasons[596]
    • Ribung Linti: the deity of lightning and thunderstorms[597]
    • Sumalongsong: the deity of the rivers and seas[598]
    • Santonil.vo: the deity of good graces[599]
    • Munsad Burulakaw: the deity who has direct power over men; most respected and feared in the upperworld[600]
  • Bayi: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things; caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earth[601]
  • Laki: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things[602]
  • Primordial Earthworm: an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess, Bayi[603]
  • The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul
    • Mangganghaw: keeps track over man's affairs immediately after marriage; keeps track of pregnancy; he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother, peeping in the houses to see the child being born, which he then reports to Manglaegas[604]
    • Manglaegas: enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive, then reports to Patag'aes[605]
    • Patag'aes: awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant; if he discovers someone is eavesdropping, he will choke the child to death; their conversation creates the fate of the child, on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die, where the child will always get to choose the answers; once done, Patag'aes takes out his measuring stick, computes the child's life span, and then departs, sealing the child's fate[606]
  • Bangla'e: ferries the souls across Lim'awaen, a deep lake in the underworld; asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth, where the soul is ferried and talked to differently, depending on the answer and the gender of the soul; the soul cannot lie to Bangla'e, as he will summon the tuma, a body louse and the incarnation of the soul's conscience[607]
  • Unnamed God: another god that asks questions to the soul[608]
  • Balagu: guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen; asks the same question as Bangla'e to the soul[609]

Palaweño (Cuyonon, Agutaynen)

Immortals
  • Diwata ng Kagubatan: goddess of the forest honored on top of Mount Caimana in Cuyo island[610]
  • Neguno: the god of the sea that cursed a selfsih man by turning him into the first shark[611]

Pala'wan (Palawano)

Immortals
  • Empuq: the supreme deity, lord, and owner; the creator of all things in the world[612]; also referred as Ampu, the master who wove the world and created several kinds of humanity, hence, he is also called Nagsalad (the weaver); he is a protective watching presence who lives in his abode Andunawan[613]
  • Diwata: benevolent and protective deity who stays in the median space called Lalangaw; the mediator between humans and the supreme deity[614]
  • Beljan: the spirits of all beljan (shamans); able to travel to the vertical universe, divided into fourteen different layers, in order to heal the world and to re-establish cosmic balance[615]; also referred to as Balyan[616]
  • Lenggam: demon-like beings of the forest who act as the caretakers of poisonous and biting animals such as scorpions and snakes[617]; also called Langgam or Saytan, they can be harmful to humans but also benevolent bringers of inspiration and knowledge[618]
  • Ampu at Paray: the master of rice[619]
  • Linamin at Barat: the lady-goddess of the monsoon winds[620]
  • Linamin at Bulag: the lady-goddess of the dry season[621]
  • Upu Kuyaw: the grandfather god of thunder[622]

Tagbanwa

Immortals
  • Mangindusa: also referred as Nagabacaban, the highest-ranking deity who lives in Awan-awan, the region beyond the Langit; the god of the heavens and the punisher of crime[623]; also referred as Magindusa, the deity who gives humans their true souls called the kyaraluwa at birth, through the nose of the baby emerging from the vulva; never descends from Awan awan; he is depicted as sitting and swinging back and forth in a bintayawan[624]
  • Bugawasin: wife of Mangindusa[625]
  • Dibuwatanin: the messengers of Mangindusa[626]
  • Tungkuyanin: deity who sits on the edge of this sky-cover with his feet dangling into the universe; also sits looking down at the earth; if he were to raise his head and look up, he would fall into the nothingness[627]
  • Magrakad: a god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness[628]
  • Bangkay: spirits of the cloud region called Dibuwat; spirits of the people who have been killed by violence, poison, or those who died in giving birth[629]
  • Bulalakaw: also called Diwata kat Dibuwat; they fly-travel throughout the cloud regions to help the people[630]
  • Polo: the benevolent god of the sea whose help is invoked during times of illness[631]
  • Sedumunadoc: the god of the earth, whose favor is sought in order to have a good harvest[632]
  • Tabiacoud: the god of the underworld in the deep bowels of the earth[633]
  • Diwata Kat Sidpan: a deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan[634]; controls the rains[635]
  • Diwata Kat Libatan: a deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan[636]; controls the rain[637]
  • Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset[638]
  • Amyan: the hot, dry northeast winds[639]
  • Diwata katamyan: invoked when the wet period lasts too long and these Amyan hot-dry winds are needed[640]
  • Salakap: the spirist of epidemic sickness which arrive on earth through the northwest winds[641]
  • Taliyakud: chief god of the underworld who tends a fire between two tree trunks; asks the souls of the dead questions, where the soul's louse acts as the conscience that answers the questions truthfully; if the soul is wicked, it is pitched and burned, but if it is good, it passes on to a happier place with abundant food[642]
  • Diwata: general term for deities; they created the first man made from earth and gave him the elements of fire, the flint-like stones, iron, and tinder, as well as rice and most importantly, rice-wine, which humans could use to call the deities and the spirits of their dead[643]

T'boli

Immortals
  • Bulon La Mogoaw: one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[644]
  • Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[645]
  • Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword and shield; married to Boi’Kafil[646]
  • Boi’Kafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul[647]
  • Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to S’fedat; could not bear children[648]
  • S’fedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land on which plants spout from[649]
  • D’wata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of S’fedat onto the sea[650]
  • Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[651]
  • Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[652]
  • Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to S’lel[653]
  • S’lel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik[654]
  • B’lomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule[655]
  • Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to B’lomi[656]
  • Loos K’lagan: son of the supreme deities; married both La Fun and Datu B’noling[657]
  • La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[658]
  • Datu B’noling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[659]
  • Children of D’wata and Hyu We
  • Children of D’wata and Sedek We
  • Fu: spirits that inhabit and own the natural environment[674]
    • Fu El: the spirit of water[675]
    • Fu El Melel: the spirit of the river[676]
  • D’wata (general): the general term for the gods[677]; guard lives and determine fate and destiny[678]
  • Muhen: a bird god of fate whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune; any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen sing[679]
  • Glinton: the god of metalwork[680]

Bukidnon
  • Domalongdong, Ognaaling, Tagaloambung, and Magbaya – the deities of wind in Bukidnon mythology; Domalongdong presides over the north wind, Ognaaling the sound wind, Tagaloambung the east wind, and Magbaya the west wind.[176]
  • Tigbas – god of good government in Bukidnon mythology[176]
  • Mangilala – brother of one of the supreme deities in Bukidnon mythology, Magbabaya; created humans from clay but breathed into them, which caused mankind to be tempted by evil; god of temptation that haunts the seventh tier of the underworld[176]
  • Incantus – six divinities in Bukidnon mythology; Talagbugta looks after the soil; Ibabagsuk takes care of nature and grows plants; Bulalakaw guards the water and all creature living in it; Mamelig watches over the forest; Lalawig watches over the bees and honey; and Mamahandi guards over the material wealth that mankind acquire[176]

B'laan
  • Melu – The Supreme Being and creator. He has white skin and gold teeth. He is assisted by Fiuwe and Tasu Weh.
  • Sawe - Joined Melu to live in the world
  • Fiuwe – A spirit who lived in the sky.
  • Diwata - A spirit who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky
  • Tasu Weh – The evil spirit.
  • Fon Kayoo – The spirit of the trees.
  • Fon Eel – The spirit of water.
  • Fon Batoo – The spirit of rocks and stones.
  • Tau Dalom Tala - The spirit who lives in the underworld
  • Loos Klagan – The most feared deity, uttering his name is considered a curse.

Batak
  • Maguimba - Who in remotest times lived among the people, having been summoned by a powerful babaylan, and he supplied all the necessities of Batak life, as well as all the cures for illness. He even had the power to bring the dead back to life.[681]
  • Diwata - Provided for the needs of men and women, and gives out rewards for good deeds. Sanbay is a ritual in honor of Diwata, who is asked by the people to bless them with generous harvests of palay (unhusked rice) and honey. This ritual takes place inside a forest, about 2–3 km from the beach. Two huts are constructed for the ritual. Palay is placed in one of the huts. A replica of a beehive, meanwhile, is situated in another small hut. Prayers are recited to Diwata by the babaylan, after which the people in attendance gather together in festive eating, drinking, and dancing.
  • Angoro - Lives in Basad, a place beyond this world where the souls of the dead go, and it is there where they come to know if they are to proceed to Lampanag (heaven)or be cast into depths of the Basad, where fire and boiling water await these hapless ones.

There are also lesser gods in the Batak pantheon, some of whom are Siabuanan, Bankakah, Paraen, Buengelen, and Baybayen. They are deities of great strength.

  • Batungbayanin - Spirit of the mountains.
  • Paglimusan - Spirit of the small stones.
  • Balungbunganin - Spirit of the almaciga trees.
  • Sulingbunganin - Spirit of the big rocks.

Higaonon
  • Magbabaya (The Ruler of All) - The supreme god who has minor gods and goddesses beneath him to do specific jobs and take care of certain things, he is also the god of the west. A ritual is performed for the deity before the utilization of land and other resources[682]
  • Domalondong – The god of the north.
  • Ongli – The god of the south.
  • Tagolambong – The god of the east.
  • Ibabasok - He watches over the crops and their growth in a simple ceremony at the center of the rice field.
  • Dagingon – They worship this deity in an elaborated celebration complete with songs and dances which will last for nine nights during planting and after harvest seasons.
  • Bulalakaw - The spirit who watches the rivers and takes care of the fishermen's catch.
  • Tumpaa Nanapiyaw or Intumbangol - Watches the base of the earth night and day lest it crumbles.

Isnag

The spiritual world of the Isneg is populated by more than 300 anito (spirits) who assume various forms. There are actually no gods or hierarchical deities in the otherworld of the Isneg, only good or bad spirits.

  • Anlabban - The spirit who looks after the general welfare of the people and is recognized as the special protector of hunters.[683]
  • Bago - The spirit of the forest.[683]
  • Sirinan - The river spirit.[683]
  • Landusan - Held responsible for some cases of extreme poverty. Those believed to be suffering from the machinations of this spirit are said to be malandusan (impoverished).

There are spirits who come to help the reapers in gathering the harvest. They are known as Abad, Aglalannawan, Anat, Binusilan, Dawiliyan, Dekat, Dumingiw, Imbanon, Gimbanona, Ginalinan, Sibo, and a group of sky dwellers collectively known as the Ilanit.

  • Alupundan - Causes the reapers' toes to get sore all over and swell.
  • Arurin - She sees to it that the harvest is bad, if the Isneg farmers fail to give her share.
  • Dagdagamiyan - A female spirit who causes sickness in children for playing in places where the harvest is being done.
  • Darupaypay - Devours the palay stored in the hut before it is transferred to the granary.
  • Ginuudan - Come to measure the containers of palay, and causes it to dwindle.
  • Sildado - Resembles a horse, and kills children who play noisily outside the house.
  • Inargay - Kills people during harvest time. When inapugan, a ritual plant is offered to Inargay, the following prayer is recited by the Isneg farmer: "Iapugko iyaw Inargay ta dinaami patpatay" (I offer this betel to you, Inargay, so that you may not kill us).
  • Alipugpug - A good harvest is portended by the rising of a little whirlwind from the burned field. This, it is said, is the spirit of Alipugpug.
  • Pilay - Rice pudding is offered to Pilay, the spirit of the rice, who resides on the paga, a shelf above the Isneg hearth. This is the pisi, the ritual offering of food to the spirits. The old woman who performs this utters the following prayer: "Ne uwamo ilay ta ubatbattugammo ya an-ana-a, umaammo ka mabtugda peyan" (Here, this is yours, Pilay, so that you feed my children fully, and make sure that they are always satisfied). Another ritual is performed right in the fields where the harvest is going on. The amulets inapugan, takkag (a kind of fern), and herbs are tied to a stalk of palay, which later will be place in the granary before the other palay. Again, these are reserved for Pilay. In case a new granary is built, and the contents of the old granary transferred, the spirit's special share is also transferred to the new place. It is never consumed.

Teduray people
  • Minaden – Also called Meketefu and Sualla. Supreme deity of the Teduray people, she created the world while her brother, Tulus, rectified some errors to better the world created by Minaden[684]
  • Tulus - Is the chief of all good spirits who bestow gifts and favors upon human beings. He goes around with a retinue of messengers called telaki. Tulus is said to have rectified some errors in the first creation of the world and of human beings.

Mangyan
  • Mahal na Makaako – The Supreme Being who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them.
  • Binayi – Owner of a garden where all spirits rest.[685]
  • Binayo - Is a sacred female spirit, caretaker of the rice spirits or the kalag paray. She is married to the spirit Bulungabon. The kalag paray must be appeased, to ensure a bountiful harvest. It is for this reason that specific rituals are conducted in every phase of rice cultivation. Some of these rituals include the panudlak, the rite of the first planting; the rite of rice planting itself; and the rites of harvesting which consist of the magbugkos or binding rice stalks, and the pamag-uhan, which follows the harvest.
  • Bulungabon – The spirit aided by 12 fierce dogs. Erring souls are chased by these dogs and eventually drowned in a cauldron of boiling water. He is Binayo's husband.[685]

Talaandig
  • Magbabaya – The Supreme God.
  • Anilaw ha Sumagda – A house spirit, the guard of the door.
  • Dadagunan hu Suguy – A house spirit who guard of the lawn of the house.
  • Diwata ha Manilib – A house spirit who records the activity of people inside the house
  • Diwata Pinatanlay – A house spirit who guard the house at the ridge of the roof.
  • Sinyuda Kahibunan – A house spirit, the keeper of the hall.

Gaddang
  • Nanolay - Supreme deity of the Gaddang people; he is also regarded as an epic hero and a benevolent deity, never inflicting pain or punishment on the people[686]
  • Ofag - Nanolay's cousin.
  • Dasal - To whom the epic warriors Biwag and Malana prayed for strength and courage before going off to their final battle.
  • Bunag - The god of the earth.
  • Limat - The god of the sea.

Agta

There are four manifestations of the "great creator" who rules the world: Tigbalog is the source of life and action; Lueve takes care of production and growth; Amas moves people to pity, love, unity, and peace of heart; while Binangewan is responsible for change, sickness, and death.

  • Gutugutumakkan – Supreme deity of the Agta people (not to be confused with other Negrito groups, which are completely distinct from each other); has four manifestations, namely, Tigbalog, the source of life and action, Lueve, caretaker of production and growth, Amas, mover of people to pity, love, unity, and peace of heart, and Binangewan, responsible for change, sickness, and death.[687]
  • Kedes - The god of the hunt.
  • Pawi - The god of the forest.
  • Sedsed - The god of the sea.

Talaandig
  • Lalawag and Mangumanay – safeguarding deities in Talaandig mythology; Lalawag safeguards wild pigs, while Mangumanay safeguards wild chickens[688]
  • Mangusal – deity who safeguards the honeybees in Talaandig mythology; a ritual called palayag is performed in honor of the deity[689]

Other Igorot Deities
  • Kabunian supreme deity of the Ibaloi people.[690]. It is the sky god of the Igorot tribe in Mountain Province before Christianity came. According to Atok Indigenous Knowledge (NCIP Benguet), Kabunian represents the sun, moon, stars and other heavenly bodies. Igorot's worship to Kabunyan is highlighted during caniao festivals, planting and harvest seasons and other igorot rituals. During the headhunting years, it was strongly believed that heads were sacrificial offerings to Kabunyan. The Igorot believes that after head offering ritual, Kabunyan give strength to the hunter and makes the community's soil fertile, or Kabunyan envigorates the spiritual "energy" resided in the head to strengthen buildings, or to protect against attacks, and sometimes they used the head as a dowry. Igorot Folktales (Sep. 3, 2017) stated that this Kabunyan went down from the sky and married Bangan. They had three children and one of them was Lumawig.

Kalinga
  • Kidul - The god of thunder.[691]

Subanon
  • Tagma-sa-langit – god who protects the sick in Subanon mythology[176]
  • Tagma-sa-Manguabungud – god of the woods in Subanon mythology]][176]
  • Diwata Migbebaya – also known as Diwata-sa-Langit,[176] supreme deity of the Subanon people; scholarly works have noted that scriptures were used to be written for the deity, until such scriptures and practices were destroyed by the Spanish during colonization[692]

Mamanwa

Bagobo
  • Eugpamolak Manobo – also called Manama, Diwata, Kalayagan, and Pamulak Manobo, supreme deity of the Bagobo people; the deity is said to live in the sky and is offered white gifts by the natives; controls good harvest, rain, wind, life, and death[176]

Manobo
  • Tagbusan, who rules over destinies of all other gods and mortals, is the supreme deity of the Manobo people in general; however, the Manobos around Talakogin in the Agusan valley believe that Makalindung, god of creation, is the supreme deity, while the Manobos of the Argawan and Hibung rivers believe that Dagau, the goddess of creation, is the supreme deity[176]
  • Dagau – creator goddess of the Manobo people who acted as the "sentinel" of the pillar supporting the world together with her serpent friend who caused earthquakes each time it moved; considered as the supreme deity by specific Manobo river communities[695]
  • Tagbayaw – goddess of incest and adultery in mortals in Manobo mythology[176]
  • Apila – god of wrestling and sports in Manobo mythology[176]
  • Malaki t’ohu A’wig – hero-god who destroys sickness and one of the assistants of Pamulak Manobo in Bagobo mythology[176]
  • Ibu – goddess of the land of the dead in Manobo mythology; under her authority, the souls of the dead have no worries or troubles as the souls work, eat, and are even allowed to marry within her realms[176]
  • Anitan – the goddess of the thunderbolt in Manobo mythology; has a sheer fascination and adoration towards frogs; can turn mortals in stone through two ways, the first by chasing them with rocks, which slowly turns a mortal into stone when it touches the person, and second by hitting a mortal with lightning which instantly turns a mortal into stone[696]
  • Apo Sandawa – god of blacksmiths in Bagobo mythology; he lives in Mount Apo with the deity of the forge, Tolus Ka Gomanan, who is venerated in a ritual called Gomek-gomanan[697]
  • Bait Pandi – goddess of weavers who taught women the industry of weaving in Bagobo mythology[176]
  • Mandarangan and Darago – married gods of warriors in Bagobo mythology; Mandarangan resides at the summit of Mount Apo; people who give him sacrifices are believed to be granted good health, valor in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth[176]
  • Panayaga – god of brass casters in Bagobo mythology[176]
  • Pammaong na Diwata, Paong na Katusan, Panayangan, Tamanud, and Anitu – gods created by the supreme deity Manama (also called Sigalungan) in Manuvu mythology; Manama gave them katusan (precognition and power); their bodies are like fingernails, smooth and shiny and only their joints have skin[176]

Sama-Bajau
  • Umboh Tuhan and Dayang Dayang Mangilai – supreme deities of the Sama-Bajau people; Umboh Tuhan, also known as Umboh Dilaut, is referred as the "Lord of the Sea", while Dayang Dayang Mangilai is referred as the "Lady of the Forest"[698][699][700]

Mansaka
  • Taganlang – supreme deity of the Mansaka people; creator god who has a helper bird named Oribig, who obtained soil from the far corners of the universe; the soil was used by Taganlang to create the earth[176]

List of famous diwatas
Main article: Diwata

Aside from the gods and goddesses, ancient Filipinos also worshipped numerous forest deities known as diwatas (Filipinos counterpart of nymphs/enchanter or enchantress). There is a multitude of diwatas in the Philippine mythology and folklore, but this section includes only the list of well-known.

Name Definition
Diwata na Magbabaya is believed to have created the eight elements, namely tumbaga (bronze), bulawan (gold), salapi (coins), bato (rock), gabon (clouds), ulan (rain), puthaw (iron), and tubig (water), from which he created the sea, sky, moon, and stars[176]

Footnotes
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