John Vianney

John Vianney (born Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney; 8 May 1786 – 4 August 1859), venerated as Saint John Vianney, was a French Catholic priest who is venerated in the Catholic Church as a saint and as the patron saint of parish priests. He is often referred to as the "Curé d'Ars" (i.e. the parish priest of Ars), internationally known for his priestly and pastoral work in his parish in Ars, France, because of the radical spiritual transformation of the community and its surroundings. Catholics attribute this to his saintly life, mortification, persevering ministry in the sacrament of confession, and ardent devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. His feast day is 4 August.

Saint

John Vianney
Saint John Vianney depicted in a stained glass window in the Saint Felix Church in Laissac, Aveyron, France
Priest
Confessor of the Faith
BornJean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney
(1786-05-08)8 May 1786
Dardilly, Lyonnais, Kingdom of France
Died4 August 1859(1859-08-04) (aged 73)
Ars-sur-Formans, Ain, French Empire
Venerated inCatholic Church
Anglican Communion
Beatified8 January 1905, Vatican City by Pope Pius X
Canonized31 May 1925, Vatican City by Pope Pius XI
Major shrineShrine of St. John Vianney, Ars-sur-Formans, Ain, France
Feast
AttributesCassock, surplice, preaching bands, stole, rosary, crucifix, and a Bible
Patronage

Early life
Statue of Jean-Marie Vianney in the church of a small village in France

Vianney was born on 8 May 1786, in the French town of Dardilly, France (near Lyon), and was baptized the same day. His parents, Matthieu Vianney and his wife Marie (Belize),[1] had six children, of whom John was the fourth. The Vianneys were devout Catholics who helped the poor. Vianney's paternal grandparents once gave hospitality to St. Benedict Joseph Labre, the patron saint of the homeless, who passed through Dardilly on his pilgrimage to Rome in 1770.[2][3]

By 1790, the anticlerical Terror phase of the French Revolution forced many loyal priests to hide from the regime in order to carry out the sacraments in their parish. Even though to do so had been declared illegal, the Vianneys traveled to distant farms to attend Masses celebrated by priests on the run. Realizing that such priests risked their lives day by day, Vianney began to look upon them as heroes. He received his First Communion catechism instructions in a private home by two nuns whose communities had been dissolved during the Revolution. He made his First Communion at the age of 13[4] in a neighbor’s kitchen[5]; during the Mass, the windows were covered so that the light of the candles could not be seen from the outside. His practice of the faith continued in secret, especially during his preparation for confirmation.

The Catholic Church was re-established in France in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, resulting in religious peace throughout the country, culminating in a Concordat. By this time, Vianney was concerned about his future vocation and longed for an education. He was 20 when his father allowed him to leave the farm to be taught at a "presbytery-school" in the neighboring village of Écully, conducted by the Abbé Balley.[4] The school taught arithmetic, history, geography and Latin. Vianney struggled with school, especially with Latin, since his past education had been interrupted by the French Revolution. Only because of Vianney's deepest desire to be a priest—and Balley's patience—did he persevere.[6]

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Vianney's studies were interrupted in 1809 when he was drafted into Napoleon's armies.[4] He would have been exempt, as an ecclesiastical student, but Napoleon had withdrawn the exemption in certain dioceses because of his need for soldiers in his fight against Spain.[7] Two days after he had to report at Lyons, he became ill and was hospitalized, during which time his draft left without him. Once released from the hospital, on 5 January, he was sent to Roanne for another draft.[4] He went into a church to pray, and fell behind the group. He met a young man who volunteered to guide him back to his group, but instead led him deep into the mountains of Le Forez, to the village of Les Noes, where deserters had gathered.[7] Vianney lived there for fourteen months,[8] hidden in the byre attached to a farmhouse, and under the care of Claudine Fayot, a widow with four children. He assumed the name Jerome Vincent, and under that name, he opened a school for village children.[9] Since the harsh weather isolated the town during the winter, the deserters were safe from gendarmes. However, after the snow melted, gendarmes came to the town constantly, searching for deserters. During these searches, Vianney hid inside stacks of fermenting hay in Fayot's barn.

An imperial proclamation in March 1810 granted amnesty to all deserters,[8] enabling Vianney to go back legally to Écully, where he resumed his studies. He was tonsured in 1811, and in 1812 he went to the minor seminary at Verrières-en-Forez. In autumn of 1813, he was sent to the major seminary at Lyons. Considered too slow, he was returned to Abbé Balley. However, Balley persuaded the Vicar general that Vianney's piety was great enough to compensate for his ignorance, and the seminarian received minor orders and the subdiaconate on 2 July 1814, was ordained a deacon in June 1815, and was ordained priest on 12 August 1815 in the Couvent des Minimes de Grenoble. He said his first Mass the next day,[8] and was appointed the assistant to Balley in Écully.

Curé (priest) of Ars

In 1818, shortly after the death of Balley, Vianney was appointed parish priest of the parish of Ars, a town of 230 inhabitants.[8] When Vianney's bishop first assigned him to Ars, he got lost trying to find the town. Two young men tending flocks in the fields pointed him in the right direction.[10] With Catherine Lassagne and Benedicta Lardet, he established La Providence, a home for girls.[11]

As parish priest, Vianney realized that the Revolution's aftermath had resulted in religious ignorance and indifference, due to the devastation wrought on the Catholic Church in France. At the time, Sundays in rural areas were spent working in the fields, or dancing and drinking in taverns. Vianney spent time in the confessional and gave homilies against blasphemy and paganic dancing.[8] If his parishioners did not give up this dancing, he refused them absolution.[12]

Later years

Vianney came to be known internationally, and people from distant places began travelling to consult him as early as 1827. "By 1855, the number of pilgrims had reached 20,000 a year. During the last ten years of his life, he spent 16 to 18 hours a day in the confessional. Even the bishop forbade him to attend the annual retreats of the diocesan clergy because of the souls awaiting him yonder".[7] He spent at least 11 or 12 hours a day in the confessional during winter, and up to 16 in the summer.[13]

In his article "How does the Church Respond to Suicide?" Shaun McAfee references an incident described in the book Cure of Ars:

"...a woman...told....Vianney that she was devastated because her husband had committed suicide. She wanted to approach the great priest but his line often lasted for hours and she could not reach him. She was ready to give up and in a moment of mystical insight that only a great saint can receive,...Vianney exclaimed through the crowd, “He is saved!” The woman was incredulous so the saint repeated, stressing each word, “I tell you he is saved. He is in Purgatory, and you must pray for him. Between the parapet of the bridge and the water he had time to make an act of contrition.[14]”

Vianney had a great devotion to St. Philomena. Vianney regarded her as his guardian and erected a chapel and shrine in honor of the saint. During May 1843, Vianney fell so ill he thought that his life was coming to its end. Vianney attributed his cure to her intercession.

Vianney yearned for the contemplative life of a monk, and four times ran away from Ars, the last time in 1853.[13] He was a champion of the poor as a Franciscan tertiary and was a recipient of the coveted French Legion of Honour.[10]

Death and veneration
The body of Saint John Mary Vianney, entombed above the main altar in the Basilica at Ars, France. The face is covered with a wax mask.

On 4 August 1859, Vianney died at the age of 73.[15] The bishop presided over his funeral with 300 priests and more than 6,000 people in attendance. Before he was buried, Vianney's body was fitted with a wax mask.[16]

On 3 October 1874 Pope Pius IX proclaimed him "venerable"; on 8 January 1905, Pope Pius X declared him Blessed and proposed him as a model to the parochial clergy. In 1925 John Mary Vianney was canonized by Pope Pius XI,[15] who in 1929 made him patron saint of parish priests.[17] In 1928 his feast day was inserted into the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 9 August. Pope John XXIII's 1960 revision, in which the Vigil of Saint Lawrence had a high rank, moved the feast to 8 August. Finally, the 1969 revision placed it on 4 August, the day of his death.

In 1959, to commemorate the centenary of John Vianney's death, Pope John XXIII issued the encyclical letter Sacerdotii nostri primordia. John Paul II visited Ars in person in 1986 in connection with the bicentenary of Vianney's birth and referred to the great saint as a "rare example of a pastor acutely aware of his responsibilities … and a sign of courage for those who today experience the grace of being called to the priesthood."[10]

In honor of the 150th anniversary of Vianney's death, Pope Benedict XVI declared a Year of the Priest, running from the Feast of the Sacred Heart 2009–2010.[18][19]

The Vatican Postal Service issued a set of stamps to commemorate the 150th Anniversary. With the following words on 16 June 2009, Benedict XVI officially marked the beginning of the year dedicated to priests, "…On the forthcoming Solemnity of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, Friday 19 June 2009 – a day traditionally devoted to prayer for the sanctification of the clergy –, I have decided to inaugurate a ‘Year of the Priest’ in celebration of the 150th anniversary of the dies natalis of John Mary Vianney, the Patron Saint of parish priests worldwide…"[20]

Pope Benedict XVI declared 19 June 2009 – 19 June 2010 the Year of the Priests to encourage priests to strive for spiritual perfection.[21] In the Holy Father's words the Curé d'Ars is "a true example of a pastor at the service of Christ's flock."[22]

There are statues of Vianney in many French churches and in Catholic churches throughout the world. Also, many parishes founded in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are named after him. Some relics are kept in the Church of Notre-Dame de la Salette in Paris.

"Heart of a Priest" relic tour

In November 2018, Vianney's heart was transported to the United States for a 6-month nationwide tour.[23] As Joe Bollig explained in his article detailing the relic's unexpected stop in Kansas City, "The heart receives special veneration because in Scripture it is considered to be a person’s hidden center of emotional, intellectual and moral activity. Saint John Vianney is said to have lived his life according to the heart of Christ and united his heart to Christ’s."[24]By the end of the tour, "the relic [had] traveled almost 36,000 miles — almost one and a half times the circumference of the Earth — and was available for over 1,200 hours of public veneration."[25]

Notable institutions carrying his name

There are dozens of institutions, including schools, seminaries, and churches named after Vianney in countries including Belize, Brazil, Canada, Guatemala, Haiti, Ireland, India, Pakistan, Philippines, England, United States, Nigeria, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia.

There is also a St John Vianney church and school in Edinburgh, Scotland.

  • Saint John Vianney Catholic Church (Houston, Texas, USA)

See also

References
  1. "The Life of St Jean-Marie Vianney". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  2. Trochu, Frances (1930). The Cure D'Ars. Burns Oates & Washbourne LTD. pp. 3–5.
  3. ""St. Benedict Joseph Labre."".
  4. Walsh, Michael, ed. Butler's Lives of the Saints (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991), 236.
  5. ""Life with Saint John Vianney."".
  6. Marshall, Bruce. The Curé of Ars (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1952), 273.
  7. "Otten, Susan Tracy. "St. Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 30 Dec. 2012". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  8. Walsh, p. 237.
  9. "Graf, Dom Ernest, The Cure of Ars. Incorporated Catholic Truth Society, London, 1952". Ewtn.com. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  10. Heffernan, Greg. "John Vianney: The Saint Who Read Souls at a Glance", St. Anthony Messenger Archived 2 August 2003 at the Wayback Machine
  11. "Foley, O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, Franciscan Media,". Americancatholic.org. ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  12. Walsh, pp. 237–8.
  13. Walsh, p. 238.
  14. "How does the Church Respond to Suicide?". Catholic Exchange. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  15. "Who is the Cure of Ars?", Sisters of the Cure of Ars, Diocese of Portland, Maine
  16. Cruz, Joan Carroll. The Incorruptibles: A Study of the Incorruption of the Bodies of Various Catholic Saints and Beati, TAN Books and Publishers, Inc, June 1977. ISBN 0-89555-066-0
  17. Walsh, p. 239.
  18. "Independent Catholic News, May 5, 2009". Indcatholicnews.com. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  19. "Congregazione per il Clero – Annus Sacerdotalis – Letter proclaiming a Year for Priests". Annus Sacerdotalis. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  20. "Year for Priests – 150th Ann. of St John Vianney". World Stamp News. 18 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  21. Pope Benedict XVI, "Letter Proclaiming a Year for Priests on the 150th Anniversary of the 'Dies Natalis of the Curé of Ars", 16 June 2009
  22. "To participants in the Plenary Assembly of the Congregation for the Clergy (March 16, 2009) | BENEDICT XVI". w2.vatican.va. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  23. "St. John Vianney's Incorrupt Heart Begins US Tour". Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  24. "Heart of St. John Vianney to tour the archdiocese". theleaven.org. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  25. ""Saint Jean Vianney Relic Pilgrimage"".
  26. "St John Vianney Church, 95 Ardlea Road, Dublin D05 TH79".

Sources
  • Butler's Lives of the Saints, (Walsh, Michael, ed.), New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991
  • Marshall, Bruce. The Curé of Ars., New York: Sheed and Ward, 1952
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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