Islamic Defenders Front

The Islamic Defenders Front (Indonesian: Front Pembela Islam (FPI))[2][3] is an Indonesian Islamist political organization formed in 1998. It was founded by Muhammad Rizieq Shihab with backing from Indonesian military, police generals and political elites.[4][5] The organization's leader is Ahmad Shabri Lubis, who was inaugurated in 2015,[6] and Rizieq Shihab remains acting as the adviser with the title Great Imam of the FPI for life.[7]

Islamic Defenders Front
الجبهة الدفاعية الإسلامية
Front Pembela Islam
Logo of the Islamic Defenders Front
Zone of influence
AbbreviationFPI
MottoNoble Life or Martyrdom
FormationAugust 17, 1998 (1998-08-17)
FounderMuhammad Rizieq Shihab
Founded atCiputat, South Tangerang, Banten
TypeReligious organization
PurposeEnjoining good and forbidding wrong
HeadquartersPetamburan, Tanah Abang, Jakarta
Coordinates6.193923°S 106.805825°E / -6.193923; 106.805825
Region served
Indonesia
Membership (2014)
7 million[1]
Official language
Indonesian
High Priest
Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
Chairman
Ahmad Shabri Lubis
Secretary-general
Munarman
Websitewww.fpi-online.com

The FPI originally started as a civil vigilante group that positioned itself as an Islamic moral police force against vice, whose activity was not authorized by the government. The FPI targeted several warungs (small stalls), stores, bars, nightclubs and entertainment venues which were perceived as discourteous for selling alcohol or being open during Ramadhan.[8] Later, it transformed itself into an Islamist pressure group with active online campaigns.[9]

The organization has organized a number of religious and political mass protests; the most prominent example being the November 2016 Jakarta protests and several other rallies against the incumbent Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama in the subsequent months. Another prominent protest orchestrated by the FPI was a rally at the American Embassy condemning the Iraq War, dating back to late 2003. The protests were criticized as conducting hate crimes in the name of Islam[10][8] and religious-related violence.[11]

History

FPI emerged on 17 August 1998 as an outcome of the meeting by religious leaders to commemorate the 53rd anniversary of Indonesian independence. The gathering took place at the pesantren (Islamic boarding school) of al-Umm in Ciputat, South Tangerang.[12] It was hosted by Misbahul Anam, an activist of the Indonesian Islam Boyscouts (PII),[13] and attended by religious leaders affiliated with haba'ib (scholars from the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), notably Muhammad Rizieq Shihab.[14][15]

The meeting discussed urgent issues faced by the Muslim community, namely the proliferation of maksiat (immorality), killings of Muslims in places such as Tanjung Priok and Aceh, and the lack of Muslim organizations that can impose the Islamic doctrine of amr ma'ruf nahy munkar (enjoining good and forbidding wrong).[16]

The first major FPI campaign that garnered media attention was an incident in Ketapang, Central Jakarta in November 1998. The incident was triggered by the killing of a local Betawi Muslim teenager by Ambonese Christian, and rapidly escalated into a Muslim-Christian riot which claimed dozens of lives.[17][18][19][20] The Betawi community called the support of FPI, which made an effort to prevent further escalation.[17]

The organization aims to implement sharia law in Indonesia.[21] Later, it transformed itself into an Islamist pressure group which furthers its political motives by promoting what is considered as religious or racial propaganda through the Internet and occasional anti-government campaigns.[9] However, in January 2017, several FPI official Twitter accounts were suspended due to violations of Twitter rules, including spamming, incivility and making threats.[22]

Government support
Muhammad Rizieq Shihab (right) with then-police chief Tito Karnavian (middle) during the December 2016 Jakarta protest which was led by FPI.

The emergence of FPI attracted strong interest among the high-rank members of the Indonesian military. The Indonesian military, previously suppressed political Islam, had been approaching toward conservative Islamic groups since Feisal Tanjung was inaugurated as the commander in 1993, to counter criticism from the left-wing segments of the society such as NGO and intellectuals.[23]

The military provided monetary aid as well as military training to the paramilitary wing of FPI known as Laskar Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Paramilitary, LPI).[5][23] In turn, FPI occasionally made a mobilization in support of the former commander Wiranto and several army generals.[24] FPI also received patronage from the chief of Jakarta police Nugroho Djayusman.[25] B.J. Habibie, who succeeds presidency after Suharto, also provided funding toward several Islamic groups including FPI in anticipation of his election.[23][26] Even after the democratic transition, a number of military generals retained support toward FPI, as they needed grassroots support to maintain the turbulent social order.[27]

FPI lost major support from the state apparatus after the inauguration of Sofyan Yacob as the chief of Jakarta police, who criticized FPI's vigilantism. FPI's headquarters in Petamburan, Tanah Abang was raided by police in 2002 and 13 members were arrested following FPI's attack on nightclubs and billiard halls.[27][28] Rizieq was also arrested in 2003 and jailed for seven months.[29] Misbahul Anam, the former secretary-general of FPI, considered the relations with the state apparatus to be opportunistic.[16] However, Sutanto, the chief of the national police (2005-2008) and state intelligent agency (2009-2011), maintained the importance of utilizing FPI in certain cases.[24] Even after 2002, FPI acted in cooperation with military and police on several occasions, including in 2010 and 2011 to shut down public debates held by LGBT and Ahmadiyya activists.[30]

FPI also found political support among the politicians who belong to the Islamist and right-wing nationalist political parties. Hamzah Haz of the United Development Party and the 9th vice president of Indonesia (2001-2004) occasionally visited FPI meetings during his terms.[27] FPI provided grassroots support for Wiranto during the 2004 and 2009 presidential election, as well as former army general Prabowo Subianto during the 2014 and 2019 presidential election.[24]

Protests and actions

Actions against religious pluralism

The FPI has been vocal against liberalism and multiculturalism, and to the extension

of the Pancasila doctrine which upholds religious pluralism. On 1 June 2008, the FPI staged an attack against members of the National Alliance for the Freedom of Faith and Religion (AKKBB), who were holding a rally coinciding with the commemoration day of Pancasila near the National Monument in the city center. The attack was claimed as a response to the perceived threat by the AKKBB against the FPI. The incident was referred to by the media as the Monas Incident. It caused media outrage and led to the arrest of Rizieq Shihab among 56 other FPI members.[31] Rizieq was later imprisoned for one year and six months, after being convicted over attacks against the AKKBB.[8] In January 2017, the police declared FPI leader Rizieq Shihab a suspect for alleged defamation of Pancasila .[32]

The FPI also often holds protests against what it sees as the Christianization of Indonesia. Notable targets include GKI Yasmin Bogor, and HKBP Church Bekasi, where the group used violence to force the closure of the churches.[33][34] The FPI also endorsed the Singkil administration for closing around 20 churches in Singkil, Aceh. This stirred up controversy over the use of the local administrative law in accordance with Sharia, running counter to the Indonesian constitution, which guarantees freedom of religious practice.[35] In early 2017, the FPI and related Islamist groups staged a mass protest against the construction of a new Christian church in Bekasi, West Java. The protest developed into a riot and scuffles with the police, resulting in property damage and five police officers being injured.[36]

Actions against Ahmadiyyah

One of Rizieq Shihab's propaganda campaigns openly called for hostility against Ahmadis:[37]

"We call on the Muslim community. Let us go to war with Ahmadiyyah! Kill Ahmadiyyah wherever they are!........ And, if they talk about human rights? Human rights are satanic! Human rights are crap!.....If they want to know who is responsible for killing Ahmadiyyah, it is I; it is FPI and others from the Muslim community who are responsible for killing Ahmadiyyah! Say that Sobri Lubis ordered it, that Habib Rizieq and FPI ordered it! "

The FPI was suspected of acting behind the scenes in the 6 February 2011 assault against the Ahmadiyyah community, in which three people were killed. The assault was led by a group of over thousand people, wielding rocks, machetes, swords, and spears. They attacked the house of an Ahmadi leader in Cikeusik, Banten.[38] Similarly, a group attacked the Ahmadiyyah headquarters near Bogor and harassed its members in areas such as in East Lombok, Manislor, Tasikmalaya, Parung, and Garut.[39]

Actions against the perceived communist threat

The FPI often employs anti-communism as its political motivation. In June 2010, along with other organizations, the FPI attacked a meeting about free healthcare in East Java, mistaking it for a meeting of the banned Communist Party of Indonesia.[40] In January 2017, the FPI called for the withdrawal of Rupiah banknotes, accused them of displaying the image of the banned hammer and sickle logo.[41] The FPI's allegations, however, were rejected by Bank Indonesia (BI), referring to it as a recto-verso security feature of the BI logo for the new Rupiah banknotes. FPI was accused of stirring public unrest by slandering Bank Indonesia and the government.[42]

Anti-government campaigns and relations with right-wing parties

The FPI has been vocal in campaigns against incumbent governments, starting during the second term of President Yudhoyono (2009-2014). This campaign was said to be more intense during the Joko Widodo era after the Basuki Tjahaja Purnama's alleged blasphemy case in 2016. Because of this, the FPI is widely seen as an opposition movement, and is reportedly known to have close relations with various right-wing parties; most of which are currently opposition parties

Actions against perceived defamation of Islamic sensitivity

The FPI is sensitive toward the perceived defamation and violation of Islamic norms in various aspects of society. In its early days, FPI targeted shops in Garut and Makassar that sold alcohol during the month of Ramadhan, some of which were reportedly ransacked.[43] Various nightclubs, bars, and cafes were targeted by the FPI for perceived non-conformity with Islamic norms.[44] In 2006, the FPI and other Islamic organizations including the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council protested against the publication of Playboy Indonesia. The protest led to the eviction of the Playboy office from Jakarta to Bali.[45] In 2013, the FPI accused LGBT activists, such as Lady Gaga[46] and Irshad Manji,[47] of being "devils", and threatened their safety. This erupted in controversy in 2013 during Lady Gaga's Born This Way tour,[46] which resulted in the eventual cancellation of concerts in Indonesia. The action was criticized for being a violation of Indonesian law sanctioning violent threats, as prescribed in Article 336 of the Criminal Code.[48]

In 2015, the FPI attacked the Regent of Purwakarta, Dedi Mulyadi, accusing him of being a musyrik (polytheist) after he put up statues of Sundanese puppet characters in a number of city parks throughout Purwakarta in West Java. the FPI accused Dedi of debasing Islamic tenets by violating the aniconist principle of Islam, as well as using the Sundanese greeting Sampurasun, instead of the Muslim-approved Assalamualaikum. In December 2015, around a hundred FPI members conducted a 'sweeping' operation against the regent. Its members inspected cars passing through the front gate of Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) in Central Jakarta where the Indonesia Theater Federation Awards ceremony was being held, attempting to stop Dedi from attending the event.[49]

Opposition and uprising against Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

The FPI was known for its efforts to topple the administration of former Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, popularly known as Ahok. The FPI criticized Basuki's background as a Christian and Chinese Indonesian, both being minorities, citing that the position of the governor of Jakarta should be reserved only for Muslims.[9] In 2014, the FPI held a demonstration in front of the Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council building in Jakarta. The organization refused to accept Basuki as Jakarta's governor after former governor Joko Widodo was elected President the same year.[8]

In late 2016, during the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election season, the FPI led the national outcry against Basuki for his alleged blasphemy against the Qur'an. As a response to the perceived blasphemy, the FPI organized seven protests titled 'Aksi Bela Islam', ('Action to Defend Islam') in order to create pressure against Basuki and to demand his imprisonment. The protests culminated in the November 2016 Jakarta protests, December 2016 Jakarta protests and February 2017 Jakarta protests. These were held once a month until Basuki's final conviction in May 2017, when he was sentenced to two years imprisonment after losing the election to Anies Baswedan.[50]

Reception

General public

There have been calls by Indonesians, mainly mainstream Muslims, other religious organizations, political communities and ethnic groups, for the FPI to be disbanded or banned.[51][52] Ansor Youth Movement, the youth branch of Nahdlatul Ulama, the biggest Muslim organization in Indonesia, demanded the government to shut down FPI in 2008, but the government never agreed to such calls.[30] Various critics and media outlets have described the FPI as inciting extremism, racism and bigotry, particularly noting its occasional hate crimes, discrimination against minorities and religious intolerance.[11][53] An International Crisis Group report called it "an urban thug organization", emphasizing its violent vigilantism.[4][21] The group has also been criticized for the use of violence; the police have recorded that the FPI engaged in 29 cases of violence and destructive behavior in 2010 and 5 cases in 2011 in West Java, Banten, Central Java, North Sumatra and South Sumatra.[54]

Rejection in Kalimantan

On February 11, 2012, hundreds of protesters from the local community in Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan; mainly from the Dayak tribe; staged a protest at Tjilik Riwut Airport to block the arrival of four senior leaders of the group, who wanted to inaugurate the provincial branch of the organization. Due to security concerns, the management of the airport ordered the FPI members to remain on board the aircraft while other passengers disembarked. The FPI members were then flown to Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan. The deputy chairman of the Central Kalimantan Dayak Tribe Council (DAD) later said that the organization had asked the Central Kalimantan Police to ban the group's provincial chapter as the FPI's presence would create tension, particularly as Central Kalimantan is known as a place conducive to religious harmony.[55] A formal letter from the Central Kalimantan administration stated that they firmly rejected the FPI and would not let them establish a chapter in the province because it "contradicts the local wisdom of the Dayak tribe that upholds peace". The letter was sent to the Minister of Coordination of Political, Legal and Security Affairs with copies being sent to the president of Indonesia, the People's Consultative Assembly speaker, the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, the Home Minister and the National Police Chief. The FPI is now banned all over the Kalimantan for its disruptive and divisive actions against local communities.[56]

Organization

FPI broadly consists of two parts, the Consultative Assembly which aims to provide decision-making, and the Executive Board which carries out the decision provided by the Consultative Assembly. FPI's paramilitary division known as Laskar Pembela Islam (LPI), which conducts all the vigilantism, is attached to the Department of Jihad and State Defense of the Executive Board. LPI is structured in a very similar manner with an actual military; led by Imam Besar (Great Leader), there are multiple ranks based on the number of military personnel commanded by them, from Imam (25,000 personnel), Wali (5,000 personnel), Qaid (1,000 personnel), Amir (200 personnel), to Rais (20 personnel). Each one of the LPI personnel is referred to as Jundi.[57]

FPI is an organization open for the public, and anybody can be a member. This allowed FPI to expand quickly since its foundation in 1998, and it can rapidly mobilize personnel during the demonstrations. FPI has its branch on a provincial level with similar organizational structures consist of advisory and executive boards. Although the networks penetrate into district and sub-district levels, they are loosely coordinated, and often there are cases of fragmentation such as FPI Surakarta branch which claims to be independent of the headquarters in Jakarta.[57]

Organizational structure
  • Majelis Tanfidzi (Executive Board)
    • Chief Leader: Ahmad Shabri Lubis
      • Department of Foreign Affairs
      • Department of Home Affairs
      • Department of Religious Affairs
      • Department of Jihad and State Defense
        • Laskar Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Paramilitary, LPI)
      • Department of Social, Political, and Legal Affairs
      • Department of Education and Culture
      • Department of Economy and Industry
      • Department of Research and Technology
      • Department of Logistics
      • Department of Social Welfare
      • Department of Information
      • Department of Women's Affairs
    • Secretary-General: Munarman
      • Commission of Front Experts
      • Commission of Front Recruitment
      • Commission of Front Investigation
      • Commission of Front Legal Assistance
      • Anti-Maksiat Commission
      • Anti-Violence Commission
  • Majelis Syuro (Consultative Assembly)
    • Chief Leader: Muhsin bin Ahmad Al-Attas
      • Commission of Sharia
      • Commission of Honor
      • Commission of Coordination
      • Commission of Consultancy
      • Commission of Supervision

Footnotes
  1. Megiza (8 October 2014). "Muchsin Alatas: 'Jumlah Kami Sudah 7 Juta'" [Muchsin Alatas: 'We Have 7 Million Members']. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  2. Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Front -- FPI. Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium.
  3. Kassam, Nisan. Indonesia: The Islamic Defenders Front. Human Rights Without Frontiers.
  4. "Indonesia: Implications of the Ahmadiyah Decree" (PDF). International Crisis Group Update Briefing. Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group (78). 7 July 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  5. "WikiLeaks: National Police funded FPI hard-liners". September 5, 2011.
  6. Ini Ketua Umu FPI Yang Baru Ust. Ahmad. Muslimedia News. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  7. "Gelar Imam Besar hingga Capres 2014 untuk Habib Rizieq". Merdeka. August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  8. M Andika Putra; Raja Eben Lumbanrau (17 January 2017). "Jejak FPI dan Status 'Napi' Rizieq Shihab". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian).
  9. Sita W. Dewi (September 25, 2014). "FPI threatens Chinese Indonesians". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
  10. Frost, Frank; Rann, Ann; Chin, Andrew. "Terrorism in Southeast Asia". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  11. Arya Dipa (18 January 2017). "Petition calls for disbandment of FPI". The Jakarta Post.
  12. Jahroni, 2004: 213
  13. Jahroni, 2004: 243
  14. "Biografi Ringkas Al Habib M. Rizieq bin Husein Syihab". Arrohim.com – Aneka Informasi Islami.
  15. "Habib Salim Asy-Syatiri Memuji Keberanian & Ketegasan Habib Rizieq Syihab". MudhiatulFata.
  16. Jahroni, 2004: 215
  17. Jahroni, 2004: 220
  18. Putu Agung Nara Indra (4 November 2016). "FPI dalam Lintasan Sejarah". Tirto.id.
  19. Sihbudi & Nursalim, 2001
  20. Hutagalung, 2016: 456
  21. Budi Setiyarso; et al. (30 November 2010), "Street Warriors", Tempo magazine, English edition, p. 41
  22. "Pembekuan akun Twitter FPI 'bukan permintaan' Kominfo" (in Indonesian). BBC Indonesia. 16 January 2017.
  23. Jahroni, 2004: 213-5
  24. Facal, 2019: 8
  25. Facal, 2019: 9
  26. Facal, 2019: 7
  27. Jahroni, 2004: 216-7
  28. "NGOs demand dissolution of FPI". September 10, 2002.
  29. Jahroni, 2004: 218
  30. Ricklefs, 2012: 421
  31. "Hard-liners ambush Monas rally". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  32. Arya Dipa (January 30, 2017). "Police declare FPI leader Rizieq Shihab suspect for alleged Pancasila defamation". The Jakarta Post.
  33. "Masalah GKI Yasmin Jadi Catatan Dunia".
  34. "Bekasi FPI Leader Murhali Implicated in Stabbing of HKBP Church Elder". Archived from the original on 2010-09-20.
  35. "Catatan Kronologis Penyegelan Gereja-gereja di Aceh Singkil".
  36. http://m.liputan6.com/news/read/2898273/demo-tolak-pembangunan-gereja-di-bekasi-ricuh-5-polisi-terluka
  37. Woodward, Mark; Rohmaniyah, Inayah; Amin, Ali; Ma’arif, Samsul; Coleman, Diana Murtaugh; Umar, Muhammad Sani (2012). "Ordering what is right, forbidding what is wrong:two faces of Hadhrami dakwah in contemporary Indonesia". Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs. 46 (2): 132–136 of 105–146.
  38. "Indonesia: Ahmadiyya killings verdicts will not stem discrimination".
  39. "Indonesia's Ahmadis Look for a Home in Novel". Archived from the original on 2012-09-10.
  40. "'Deplorable' FPI Strikes Again". The Jakarta Globe. Jakarta. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  41. Safrin La Batu (January 23, 2017). "FPI leader calls for withdrawal of banknotes with 'communist symbol'". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
  42. Safrin La Batu (January 23, 2017). "FPI leader questioned for allegedly insulting rupiah". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
  43. "Garut Police Take a Stance Against FPI". The Jakarta Globe. 30 May 2012.
  44. Bamualim, Chaider S. (2011). "Islamic Militancy and Resentment against Hadhramis in Post-Suharto Indonesia: A Case Study of Habib Rizieq Syihab and His Islam Defenders Front". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 31 (2): 267–281. doi:10.1215/1089201X-1264226.
  45. Jane Perlez (24 July 2006). "Playboy Indonesia: Modest Flesh Meets Muslim Faith". The New York Times. Denpasar. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  46. "Lady Gaga 'devastated' as Indonesia concert cancelled".
  47. "Irshad Manji book tour in Indonesia runs into trouble with Islamic 'thugs'".
  48. "KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA".
  49. "Police under fire for allowing sweeping FPI raids". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 31 December 2015.
  50. Callistasia Anggun Wijaya (9 May 2017). "Ahok guilty of blasphemy, sentenced to two years". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  51. Iqbal T Lazuardi S (19 January 2017). "Protesters Deliver Petition, Demand FPI to be Disbanded". Tempo.co.
  52. Caroline Damanik (20 January 2017). "Demo, Ratusan Warga Dayak Minta FPI Dibubarkan". Kompas.com (in Indonesian).
  53. "University Students in Manado Take to Streets to Demand FPI Disbandment". Jakarta Globe.
  54. "FPI Involved in 34 Violence Cases in 2010-2011". February 19, 2012. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013.
  55. "Senior FPI officials booted out of Palangkaraya". February 11, 2012. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012.
  56. "Central Kalimantan officially rejects FPI". February 23, 2012.
  57. Jahroni, 2004: 237-241

References
  • Facal, G. (2019). Islamic Defenders Front Militia (Front Pembela Islam) and its Impact on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans –Regional and –National Studies of Southeast Asia page, 1-22.
  • Hutagalung, S.A. (2016). Muslim–Christian Relations in Kupang: Negotiating Space and Maintaining Peace. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 17(5), 439-459.
  • Jahroni, J. (2004). Defending the Majesty of Islam: Indonesia's Front Pembela Islam (FPI) 1998-2003. Studia Islamika, 11(2), 197-256.
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (2012). Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java: A Political, Social, Cultural and Religious History, c. 1930 to Present. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
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