Indigenous languages of Arizona
Arizona, a state in the southwestern region of the United States of America, is known for its high population of Native Americans. Arizona has the third highest number (and the sixth highest percentage) of Native Americans of any state in the Union (See Demographics of Arizona). Out of the entire US population of 2.9 million Native Americans,[1] roughly 286,680 live in Arizona, representing 10% of the country's total Native American population. Only California and Oklahoma have more Native Americans than Arizona by number. Arizona also has the highest proportion of land allocated to Native American reservations, at 28%.[2] Arizona has five of the twelve largest Indian reservations in the United States, including the largest, the Navajo Nation, and the third-largest, the Tohono O'odham Nation. Also, Arizona has the largest number of Native American language speakers in the United States.[3][4]
Distribution
There are twelve Native American languages spoken in Arizona, in addition to three other languages that are primarily spoken outside the state and one language with a disputed existence.
Population estimates are based on figures from Ethnologue and U.S. Census data, as given in sub-pages below. The twelve languages are shown in the table below:
| Language | Classification | Number of speakers | Total ethnic population | Tribe(s) included | Location(s) in Arizona | Significant external populations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Navajo | Na-Dene: Southern Athabaskan | 170,000 | 300,000 | Navajo | Navajo Nation | New Mexico |
| Western Apache | Na-Dene: Southern Athabaskan | 13,000 | 20,000 | White Mountain Apache, San Carlos Apache, Tonto Apache | Fort Apache Indian Reservation, San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Yavapai-Apache Nation, Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Tonto Apache Tribecall/Tonto Apache Indian Reservation | |
| Yavapai | Yuman: Pai | 163 | 1,420 | Yavapai | Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Yavapai-Apache Nation, Yavapai-Prescott Tribe | |
| Havasupai-Hualapai | Yuman: Pai | 1,530 | 2,437 | Havasupai, Hualapai | Havasupai Indian Reservation, Hualapai Indian Reservation | |
| Quechan/Yuma | Yuman: River | 250 | 1,200 | Quechan | Fort Yuma Indian Reservation | California |
| Mojave | Yuman: River | 100 | 750 | Mohave | Fort Mojave Indian Reservation, Colorado River Indian Reservation | California |
| Maricopa | Yuman: River | 160 | 400 | Maricopa | Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, Gila River Indian Reservation (Maricopa Colony) | |
| Cocopah | Yuman: Delta | 400 | 1,000 | Cocopah | Cocopah Indian Reservation | Mexico (Baja California, Sonora) |
| Hopi | Uto-Aztecan: Northern: Hopi | 5,000 | 18,000 | Hopi | Hopi Indian Reservation | |
| Colorado River Numic | Uto-Aztecan: Northern: Numic | 2,000 | 5,000 | Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, Ute | San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona, Kaibab Indian Reservation, Colorado River Indian Reservation | Nevada, Utah, Colorado, California |
| O'odham | Uto-Aztecan: Southern: Piman | 10,000 | 20,000 | Akimel O'odham/Pima, Tohono O'odham/Papago | Tohono O'odham Nation, Ak-Chin Indian Community, Gila River Indian Community, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community | Sonora |
| Yaqui | Uto-Aztecan: Southern: Taracahitic | 15,000 | 25,000 | Yaqui people | Pascua Yaqui Indian Reservation, Guadalupe | Sonora (Yaqui River Valley) |
| Halchidhoma | Yuman | ? | Halchidhoma |
Other minority Native American languages
In addition to the languages listed in the table above, there are three other Native American languages spoken in Arizona that are primarily found in New Mexico, located immediately to the east:
- Zuni is a language isolate spoken primarily in the Zuni Pueblo, which is located in northern New Mexico. Out of the approximately 10,000 people that form the Zuni tribe, only 538 live in Arizona, located on trust lands in Apache County. Unlike many other Native American languages, a vast majority of Zuni are able to speak their language, and Zuni is at a comparatively lower risk of extinction.[5]
- Tewa is a Tanoan language spoken by the Tewa people of New Mexico. The Arizona Tewa are a group of Tewa that currently reside on the Hopi reservation of northeastern Arizona, primarily in two villages around First Mesa: Hano and Polacca. The Tewa language is considered endangered.
- Mescalero-Chiricahua is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Chiricahua people and Mescalero people, two Apachean tribes that currently reside on the Fort Sill Apache Tribe lands in Oklahoma and the Mescalero Indian Reservation in southwestern New Mexico. A few Chiricahua also live on the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in southeastern Arizona, but this language is a minority language on the reservation.
See also
References
- "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2014-05-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 2010 Census Bureau
- State DOTs and Native American Nations
- Navajo tops list of Native language speakers in US | CNS News
- Language Magazine » Census Shows Native Languages Count
- Newman, Stanley. (1996). Sketch of the Zuni language. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 483–506). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.