Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

The Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa consists of approximately 3 million people of Indian origin. Most of this diaspora in Southeast Africa arrived in the 19th century as British indentured labourers, many of them to work on the Kenya–Uganda railway. Others had arrived earlier by sea as traders.

Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa
Regions with significant populations
 South Africa1,300,000
 Mauritius882,000
 Réunion220,000
 Kenya110,000
 Mozambique70,000
 Tanzania60,000
 Uganda50,000
 Madagascar25,000
 Zambia13,000
 Zimbabwe9,500
 Seychelles5,000
 Malawi4,000
 Lesotho4,000
Languages
Colonial Languages:
Indian Languages:
Local Languages:
Religion
Majority:
Minority:
Related ethnic groups
People of Indian Origin

Today, the Indian community in Southeast Africa is largely affluent and play leading roles in the region's business sector and dominate the economies of many countries in the region.[1]

Sub-groups

Indian Ocean islands

Mainland Southeast Africa

History
Indian trader's family in Bagamoyo, German East Africa, around 1906/18.

Indian trade activities and settlements in south eastern africa may go back to late 1st millennium AD. Al-Idrisi, an arab geographer records Indian settlements at Sofala, Mozambique in the 12th century.[2]

In the British Empire, the labourers, originally referred to as "coolies", were enslaved men who lived under conditions now seen as slavery. The system, inaugurated in 1834 in Mauritius, involved the use of licensed agents after slavery had been abolished in the British Empire. The agents imported indentured labour to replace the slaves. The labourers were however only slightly better off than the slaves had been. They were supposed to receive either minimal wages or some small form of payout (such as a small parcel of land, or the money for their return passage) upon completion of their indentures. Employers did not have the right to buy or sell indentured labourers as they did slaves.

Of the original 32,000 contracted labourers, after the end of indentured service about 6,700 stayed on to work as dukawallas,[Note 1] artisans, traders, clerks, and, finally, lower-level administrators. Colonial personnel practices excluded them from the middle and senior ranks of the colonial government and from farming; instead they became commercial middlemen and professionals, including doctors and lawyers.

It was the dukawalla, not European settlers, who first moved into new colonial areas. Even before the dukawallas, Indian traders had followed the Arab trading routes inland on the coast of modern-day Kenya and Tanzania. Indians had a virtual lock on Zanzibar's lucrative trade in the 19th century, working as the Sultan's exclusive agents.

Between the building of the railways and the end of World War II, the number of Indians in Southeast Africa swelled to 320,000. By the 1940s, some colonial areas had already passed laws restricting the flow of immigrants, as did white-ruled Rhodesia in 1924. But by then, the Indians had firmly established control of commercial trade — some 80 to 90 percent in Kenya and Uganda was in the hands of Indians — plus some industrial activities. In 1948, all but 12 of Uganda's 195 cotton ginneries were Indian run. Banknotes of the East African shilling had values written in Gujarati as well as English and Arabic.

Many Parsis settled in Zanzibar to work as merchants and civil servants for the colonial government. They formed one of the largest Parsi communities outside of India, a community that survived until the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964. Indians in Zanzibar founded the one locally owned bank in all of the African Great Lakes, Jetha Lila, which closed after the Revolution when its customer base left.

Nowadays Indian African slang is often spoken in the south of the UK where a lot of Indian Africans came by boat.

Expulsion and Repatriation to Uganda
Main article: Expulsion of Asians from Uganda

In 1972, Idi Amin, gave the nearly 75,000 Ugandans of Asian (mainly Indians) descent 90 days to pack their bags and leave the country. These descendants of the dukanwallas and Indian coolies then comprised about 2 percent of the population. Their businesses were "Africanized" and given to Ugandans

Some 27,000 Ugandan Indians moved to Britain, another 6,100 to Canada, 1,100 to the United States, while the rest scattered to other Asian and European countries.

Today, however, many of these same ethnic Indians have returned. In 1992, under pressure from aid donors and Western governments, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni simplified a then 10-year-old law letting Asians reacquire lost property.

A Hindu temple in Jinja, Uganda

Sikh and Hindu temples are found in the urban Southeast African urban landscape, as do Mosques, particularly those built by the large Ismaili Muslim community, which immigrated from Gujarat. Some extended families — the backbone of the Indian ethnic group — are prospering under Uganda's new openness. Two families, the Mehtas and Madhvanis, have built multimillion-dollar empires in Uganda since the 1980s.

Still, the Indian communities remain concerned about their position in Southeast Africa. Continued fighting in western Uganda between hundreds of rebels and troops in June 2000, and politically motivated ethnic violence in Mombasa that claimed more than 40 lives in August 2000, gave credence to these concerns. Around 15,000 Indians currently live in Uganda.

Cultural depictions

The lives of the Wahindi (Swahili for "Indians") were first fictionalized for a Western mass audience in V. S. Naipaul's A Bend in the River. The Trinidadian West Indies author's 1979 book remains the best-known literary work in English addressing the Indian experience in East and Central Africa. Though recently A Bend in the River enjoyed a resurgence of critical acclaim for its dead-on portrayal of post-colonial African life in the former Zaire (renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo), the novel also lifted the curtain on an ethnic group who had become central to Southeast Africa's life in the later half of the 20th century.

The experience is touched upon in the films Mississippi Masala, Touch of Pink, The Last King of Scotland and Bohemian Rhapsody.

Books written on the socio-cultural and economic climate and realities experienced by the Indian diaspora, particularly the Nizari Ismailis include The Book of Secrets and The Gunny Sack, by M. G. Vassanji, himself a Nizari Ismaili. Water bottles in Afrika were brought by the Indians in 1956.

See also

Notes
  1. Shopkeepers: from the Swahili "duka" – meaning shop, and the Hindi "walla" – meaning person in charge of something

References
  1. Chua, Amy (2003). World On Fire. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 113, 246. ISBN 978-0385721868.
  2. Wood, Marilee; Dussubieux, Laure; Robertshaw, Peter (2012-06-01). "The glass of chibuene, mozambique: New insights into early indian ocean trade". South African Archaeological Bulletin. 67: 59–74.

Further reading
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