Hanapepe massacre

The Hanapēpē Massacre (also called the Battle of Hanapēpē since both sides were armed) happened on September 9, 1924. Toward the end of a long-lasting strike of Filipino sugar workers on Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, local police shot dead nine strikers and fatally wounded seven, strikers shot and stabbed three sheriffs to death and fatally wounded one; a total of 20 people died. The massacre brought an end to armed protests in Hawaii.

Hanapēpē Massacre
DateSeptember 9, 1924
Location
Hanapepe, Hawaii
Goals$2 daily wage
8 hour day
Parties to the civil conflict
Striking Filipino sugar workers
Lead figures
Pablo Manlapit Jack Butler
Casualties and losses
Deaths: 16 killed
Arrests: 101
Deaths: 4

History

By the 1920s, the sugarcane plantation owners in Hawaiʻi had become disillusioned with both Japanese and Filipino workers. They spent the next few years trying to get the U.S. Congress to relax the Chinese Exclusion Act so that they could bring in new Chinese workers. Congress prevented the importation of Chinese labor.[1]

But organized labor in the 1920s' U.S. mainland supported the Congress in this action, so that for a while it looked as though militant unionism on the sugarcane plantations was dead. To oppose organized labor, the Hawaiian Territorial Legislature passed the Criminal Syndicalism Law of 1919, Anarchistic Publications law of 1921, and the Anti-Picketing Law of 1923.[2]

These laws, with penalties of up to 10 years in prison, increased the discontent of the workers. The Filipinos, who were rapidly becoming the dominant plantation labor force, had deep-seated grievances: as the latest immigrants they were treated most poorly. Although the planters had claimed there was a labor shortage and they were actively recruiting workers from the Philippines, they wanted only illiterate workers and turned back any arrivals who could read or write, as many as one in six.[3][4]

Strikes and Massacre

By 1922 Filipino labor activist Pablo Manlapit had organized a new Filipino Higher Wage Movement which numbered some 13,000 members. In April 1924, it called for a strike on the island of Kauaʻi, demanding $2 a day in wages and reduction of the workday to 8 hours. As they had previously, the plantation owners used armed forces, the National Guard, and strike breakers paid a higher wage than the strikers demanded. Again workers were turned out of their homes. Propaganda was distributed to whip up racism. Spying and infiltration of the strikers' ranks was acknowledged by Jack Butler, executive head of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.

Strike leaders were arrested in attempts to disrupt workers' solidarity, and people were bribed to testify against them. On September 9, 1924, outraged strikers seized two strike breakers at Hanapēpē and prevented them from going to work.[5] The police, armed with clubs and guns, came to union headquarters to rescue them.[6] Between 100 and 200 Filipino strikers were armed with pistols, knives, and clubs.[7]

The Associated Press flashed the story of what followed across the United States in the following words: Honolulu. - Twenty persons dead, unnumbered injured lying in hospital, officers under orders to shoot strikers as they approached, distracted widows with children tracking from jails to hospitals and morgues in search of missing strikers - this was the aftermath of a clash between cane strikers and workers on the McBryde plantation, Tuesday at Hanapepe, island of Kauai. The dead included sixteen Filipinos and four policemen.[8]

Aftermath

After the massacre police rounded up all male protesters they could find, and a total of 101 Filipino men were arrested. 76 were brought to trial,[9] and of these 60 received four-year jail sentences. However, these numbers are disputed among historians, and another source claims 130 strikers and their leaders were arrested and tried, of which 56 were found guilty and imprisoned, with many later deported.[10] Pablo Manlapit was charged with subornation of perjury and was sentenced to two to ten years in prison.[11] The Hawaiʻi Hochi claimed that he had been railroaded into prison, a victim of framed-up evidence, perjured testimony, racial prejudice and class hatred. Shortly thereafter, he was paroled on condition that he leave Hawaiʻi. After eight months the strike disintegrated.

The Federationist, the official publication of the American Federation of Labor, reported that in 1924 the ten leading sugar companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange paid dividends averaging 17 percent. From 1913 to 1923, the eleven leading sugar companies paid cash dividends of 172.45 percent, and most of them issued large stock dividends.

After the 1924 strike, the labor movement in Hawaiʻi dwindled, but did not die, and discontent among the workers rarely surfaced again. Pablo Manlapit, who had been imprisoned and exiled, returned to the islands in 1932 and started a new labor organization, this time hoping to include other ethnic groups. But the time was not ripe in the Depression years. There were small nuisance strikes in 1933 that made no headway and involved mostly Filipinos. Protests since the massacre have discouraged carrying guns at demonstrations.

Legacy

The location of the graves is currently unknown,[12] and a commemorative marker was instead placed in the Hanapepe Town Park in 2006.[13]

2019 grave discovery

On October 20, 2019, the Hawaii State Chapter of the Filipino American National Historical Society, assisted by a technician and an engineer, found a trench at the Hanapepe Filipino Cemetery which they believe may be the grave of twelve of the strikers. The finding was reported in West Hawaii Today, and the results will be presented at the Filipino American National Historical Society biennial conference in Waikiki in July 2020. The researchers also said that they will continue research to identify the 16 strikers by combing through court records and Hawaii Sugar Planters’ Association records.[14]

See also

References
  1. Chapin, Helen Geracimos (1996). "Suppressing the News and Contributing to a Masscre". Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 131–138. ISBN 978-0-8248-1718-3.
  2. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17989/alcantara_ch_5.pdf
  3. Alegado, Dean (October 1997). "Blood in the Fields: The Hanapepe Massacre and the 1924 Filipino Strike". Filipinas Magazine. Retrieved 24 February 2018 – via Positively Filipino.
  4. Chang, Lester (April 9, 2006). "Massacre strengthened labor unions". The Garden Island. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  5. "Investigating a massacre". The Garden Island. September 9, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  6. Soboleski, Hank (September 10, 2006). "Pablo Manlapit and the Hanapepe Massacre". The Garden Island. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  7. Bernardo, Rosemarie (7 October 2019). "Documentary, research team hope to solve mystery of 1924's Hanapepe Massacre". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  8. "History of Labor in Hawai'i". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  9. Matsuoka, Fumitaka; Fernandez, Eleazar S (2003). Realizing the America of Our Hearts: Theological Voices of Asian Americans. Chalice Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8272-3251-8.
  10. Soboleski, Hank (1 October 2019). "A look back at 'The Hanapepe Massacre'". The Garden Island. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  11. Raymundo, Rizaline R (2003). Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, 1924-1928. University of Hawaii Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8248-2688-8.
  12. "The Hanapepe Massacre Mystery". The Garden Island. 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  13. "Plaque remembers Hanapepe Massacre". Associated Press. September 10, 2006. Retrieved 2019-09-28 – via The Honolulu Advertiser.
  14. "Searchers find mass grave of 16 Filipinos killed in '24 Hawaii strike". The Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2019-10-28. Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-10-29.

Further reading
  • Beechert, Edward D. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985; ISBN 978-0-8248-0890-7
  • Monrayo, Angeles. Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, 1924-1928. Rizaline R. Raymunod, ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003; ISBN 0-8248-2671-X
  • Reinecke, John E. The Filipino Piecemeal Sugar Strike of 1924-1925. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997; ISBN 0-8248-1896-2

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.