Golden cownose ray

The golden cownose ray or Pacific cownose ray (Rhinoptera steindachneri) is a species of eagle ray, family Myliobatidae. It is found in the East Pacific along the coast of Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru.[1] Its natural habitats are open seas, shallow seas, subtidal aquatic beds, estuarine waters, intertidal marshes, and coastal saline lagoons.[1] They are often in schools, and sometimes associated with the spotted eagle ray.[2]

Golden cownose ray

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Order:
Myliobatiformes
Family:
Myliobatidae
Genus:
Rhinoptera
Species:
R. steindachneri
Binomial name
Rhinoptera steindachneri

Like all members of eagle rays, they demonstrate ovoviparity.[2] Ovulation and birth occurred in May, June and July, with a low fecundity, large size at maturity and birth and a continuous and synchronous annual reproductive cycle.[3]

They are not of much value within fisheries and are harmless to humans, however one of the main threats to this species is overexploitation and habitat destruction.[2][4]

The parasites that inhabit this species are most influenced by body size, diet, and feeding behavior.[5]

References
  1. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  2. "Rhinoptera steindachneri summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  3. Burgos-Vázquez, María I.; Chávez-García, Valeria E.; Cruz-Escalona, Víctor H.; Navia, Andrés F.; Mejía-Falla, Paola A. (2019-01-21). "Reproductive strategy of the Pacific cownose ray Rhinoptera steindachneri in the southern Gulf of California". Marine and Freshwater Research. 70 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1071/MF18096. ISSN 1448-6059.
  4. Bizzarro, Joseph J.; Smith, Wade D.; Márquez-Farías, J. Fernando; Hueter, Robert E. (April 2007). "Artisanal fisheries and reproductive biology of the golden cownose ray, Rhinoptera steindachneri Evermann and Jenkins, 1891, in the northern Mexican Pacific". Fisheries Research. 84 (2): 137–146. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2006.10.016. ISSN 0165-7836.
  5. Violante-González, Juan; Santos-Bustos, Nataly G.; Monks, Scott; Pulido-Flores, Griselda; García-Ibáñez, Sergio; Rojas-Herrera, Agustín A. (2018-05-11). "Parasite community of the golden cownose ray Rhinoptera steindachneri Evermann and Jenkins 1891 (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatidae), in Acapulco Bay, Guerrero, Mexico". Journal of Natural History. 52 (17–18): 1115–1131. doi:10.1080/00222933.2018.1452305. ISSN 0022-2933.


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