Fred Trump

Frederick Christ Trump (October 11, 1905 – June 25, 1999) was a prominent real estate developer in New York City. He was the father of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, and Maryanne Trump Barry, a former United States Court of Appeals judge.

This article is about the real estate developer. For his father, see Frederick Trump.

Fred Trump
Trump c. 1950
Born
Frederick Christ Trump

(1905-10-11)October 11, 1905
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedJune 25, 1999(1999-06-25) (aged 93)
New Hyde Park, New York, U.S.
Resting placeLutheran All Faiths Cemetery, New York City, U.S.
EducationPratt Institute
Richmond Hill High School
OccupationHead of Fred Trump Organization
Known forReal estate career
Being the father of Donald Trump
Net worthNearly US $825 million (June 1999)[1]
Spouse(s)
​
(
m. 1936)
Children5, including:
Parent(s)Frederick Trump
Elizabeth Christ Trump
RelativesSee Trump family

In partnership with his mother, Elizabeth Christ Trump, he began a career in home construction and sales. Their real estate development company was incorporated as "E. Trump & Son" in 1927 (later called the Fred Trump Organization). It grew to build and manage single-family houses in Queens, barracks and garden apartments for U.S. Navy personnel near major shipyards along the East Coast, and more than 27,000 apartments in New York City.

Trump was investigated by a U.S. Senate committee for profiteering in 1954, and again by the State of New York in 1966. Donald became the president of his father's real estate business in 1971, and they were sued by the U.S. Justice Department's Civil Rights Division for violating the Fair Housing Act in 1973.

Early life and career
See also: Trump family

Trump's father, the German-American Frederick Trump, amassed a considerable fortune during the Klondike Gold Rush by running a restaurant for the miners. Frederick Sr. returned to Kallstadt in 1901, and by the next year, met and married Elizabeth Christ.[2] They moved to New York City, where their first child, Elizabeth, was born in 1904.[3] Later that year, the family returned to Kallstadt.[4] Fred Jr. was conceived in Bavaria, where his parents wished to re-establish residency, but Frederick Sr. was banished for dodging the draft.[5] The family returned to New York on July 1, 1905,[lower-alpha 1] and moved to the Bronx, where Fred Jr. was born Frederick Christ Trump on October 11.[6]

Fred Trump's younger brother, John G. Trump, was born in 1907. In September 1908, the family moved to Woodhaven, Queens.[7] At the age of 10, Fred worked as a delivery boy for a butcher.[8] About two years later, his father died in the 1918 flu pandemic.[9] From 1918 to 1923, Fred attended Richmond Hill High School in Queens,[10] while working as a caddy, curb whitewasher, and delivery boy.[11] Meanwhile, his mother continued the real estate business Frederick Sr. had begun. Interested in becoming a builder, Fred took night classes in carpentry and reading blueprints.[12] He also studied plumbing, masonry, and electrical wiring via correspondence courses.[11]

After graduating in January 1923, Trump obtained full-time work pulling lumber to construction sites. He found work as a carpenter's assistant and continued his education at Pratt Institute.[13][14] Trump's mother loaned him $800 to build his first house construction project, which he completed in 1924.[13][15] Elizabeth Trump held the business in her name because Fred had not reached the age of majority.[13] They did business as "E. Trump & Son" as early as 1926.[16][17] That year, Trump built 20 homes in Queens, selling some houses before they were complete to finance others.[15] The company was incorporated in 1927.[18][19]

1927 arrest
Ku Klux Klan members being confronted by police in Queens on Memorial Day 1927

On Memorial Day in 1927, over a thousand Ku Klux Klan members marched in a Queens parade to protest "Native-born Protestant Americans" being "assaulted by Roman Catholic police of New York City."[20] Trump and six other men were arrested.[21][22] All seven were referred to as "berobed marchers" in the Long Island Daily Press;[21] Trump, detained "on a charge of refusing to disperse from a parade when ordered to do so," was dismissed.[20][23][lower-alpha 2] Multiple newspaper articles on the incident list Trump's address (in Jamaica, Queens),[21][23] which he is recorded as sharing with his mother in the 1930 census.[20] In September 2015, Boing Boing reproduced the article,[22] and Fred's son Donald Trump, then a candidate for president of the United States, told The New York Times, "that's where my grandmother lived and my father, early on." Immediately afterwards (when asked about the 1927 story), he denied that his father had ever lived at that address, and said the arrest "never happened," and, "There was nobody charged."[20][25][lower-alpha 3]

Rise to success

In 1933 Trump built one of New York City's first modern supermarkets, called Trump Market, in Woodhaven, Queens. It was modeled on Long Island's King Kullen, a self-service supermarket chain. Trump's store advertised "Serve Yourself and Save!" and quickly became popular. After six months, Trump sold it to King Kullen.[12][26]

In 1934, Trump and a partner acquired in federal court the mortgage-servicing subsidiary of Brooklyn's J. Lehrenkrauss & Co.,[27] which had gone bankrupt and subsequently been broken up. This gave Trump access to the titles of many properties nearing foreclosure, which he bought at low cost and sold at a profit. This and similar real estate ventures quickly thrust him into the limelight as one of New York City's most successful businessmen.[28][29]

Trump made use of the Federal Housing Administration's loan subsidies shortly after the program was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1934. Trump said, "The working classes have been fully awakened as to the benefits of homeownership under the F.H.A. 25-year mortgage plan."[8] By 1936, Trump had 400 workers[lower-alpha 4] digging foundations for houses that would be sold at prices ranging from $3,000 to $6,250.[30] Trump put properties for sale for prices like $3,999.99, using his father's tactic of psychological pricing. In the late 1930s, he used a yacht called the Trump Show Boat to advertise his business off the shore of Coney Island. It played patriotic music and floated out swordfish-shaped balloons which could be redeemed for $25 or $250 towards one of his properties.[8] In 1938, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle referred to Trump as the "Henry Ford of the home-building industry."[8]

Personal life
See also: Trump family
Trump c. 1940

Trump met his future wife Mary Anne MacLeod, an immigrant from Tong, Lewis, Scotland, at a party in the mid-1930s.[28] Trump told his mother the same evening that he had met his future wife.[31] Trump, a Lutheran, married Mary, a Presbyterian, on January 11, 1936,[31] at the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church with George Arthur Buttrick officiating.[32] A wedding reception was held at the Carlyle Hotel in Manhattan. Fred and Mary Trump settled in Jamaica, Queens,[33] and had five children: Maryanne Trump Barry (born 1937), Fred Trump Jr. (1938–1981),[lower-alpha 5] Elizabeth Trump Grau (born 1942),[lower-alpha 6] Donald Trump (born 1946) and Robert Trump (1948–2020).[lower-alpha 7][37][38]

Trump was a teetotaler[lower-alpha 8] and an authoritarian parent, maintaining curfews and forbidding cursing, lipstick, and snacking between meals.[39][40] At the end of his day, Trump would receive a report from Mary on the children's actions and, if necessary, decide upon disciplinary actions.[40] He took his children to building sites to collect empty bottles to return for the deposits.[41] The boys had paper routes, and when weather conditions were poor, their father would let them make their deliveries in a limousine.[41] According to Fred Jr.'s daughter, Mary L. Trump, Trump wanted his oldest son to be "invulnerable" in personality so he could take over the family business, but Fred Jr. was the opposite.[42] Trump instead elevated Donald to become his business heir, teaching him to "be a killer," and telling him, "You are a king."[43][44] Mary L. Trump states that Fred Sr. "dismantled [Fred Jr.] by devaluing and degrading every aspect of his personality" and mocked him for his decision to become an airline pilot.[45] In 1981, Fred Jr. died at age 42 from complications due to alcoholism.[46]

When World War II broke out, Trump moved his family to Virginia.[8] By 1946, they were living in a five-bedroom Tudor-style house Trump built in Jamaica Estates, Queens.[47] In 1951, they moved into a neighboring 23-room, 9-bathroom Jamaica Estates home, where Fred and Mary Trump remained until their deaths.[48][49][50] The couple was also given an apartment on the 63rd (in reality the 55th)[51] floor of their son Donald's Trump Tower (c. 1983), which they rarely used.[52]

During the war and until the 1980s, Trump denied that he spoke German and claimed that he was of Swedish origin.[53] According to Trump's nephew, John Walter, "He had a lot of Jewish tenants and it wasn't a good thing to be German in those days."[9] In 1973, Trump claimed to have been born in New Jersey in an interview with The New York Times.[13] Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal (1987) similarly states that Fred Trump was the son of an immigrant from Sweden and born in New Jersey.[54][lower-alpha 9] Trump's contributions to Jewish charities led some to believe that he belonged to the Jewish faith.[53][lower-alpha 10] During the 1980s, Fred Trump became friends with future Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, who at the time was the Israeli Ambassador to the United Nations in Manhattan.[57]

Later career
Trump c. 1950

During World War II, Trump built barracks and garden apartments for U.S. Navy personnel near major shipyards along the East Coast.[lower-alpha 11][9] After the war, he expanded into middle-income housing for the families of returning veterans, building Shore Haven in Bensonhurst in 1949, and Beach Haven near Coney Island in 1950 (a total of 2,700 apartments). The same year, he authored an article advertising his apartments in the real estate section of the Brooklyn Eagle,[58] which frequently featured him and his company.[59] In 1963–64, he built Trump Village, an apartment complex in Coney Island, for $70 million.[12] He built more than 27,000 low-income apartments and row houses in the New York area.[lower-alpha 12][9][60]

Profiteering investigations

In early 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower and other federal leaders began denouncing real estate profiteers. On June 11, The New York Times included Trump on a list of 35 city builders accused of profiteering from government contracts.[61] He and others were investigated by a U.S. Senate Banking committee for windfall gains. Trump and his partner William Tomasello (who previously had mafia ties)[62] were cited as examples of how profits were made by builders using the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).[63] The two paid $34,200 for a piece of land which they rented to their corporation for $76,960 annually in a 99-year lease, so that if the apartment they built on it ever defaulted, the FHA would owe them $1.924 million. Trump and Tomasello evidently obtained loans for $3.5 million more than the Beach Haven apartments had cost.[64][65] Trump argued that because he had not withdrawn the money, he had not literally pocketed the profits.[61][66] He further argued that due to rising costs, he would have had to invest more than the 10% of the mortgage loan not provided by the FHA, and therefore suffer a loss if he built under those conditions.[67]

In 1966, Trump was again investigated for windfall profiteering, this time by New York's State Investigation Commission. After Trump overestimated building costs sponsored by a state program, he profited $598,000 on equipment rentals in the construction of Trump Village, which was then spent on other projects. Under testimony on January 27, 1966, Trump said that he had personally done nothing wrong and praised the success of his building project.[68] The commission called Trump "a pretty shrewd character" with a "talent for getting every ounce of profit out of his housing project," but no indictments were made. Instead, tighter administration protocols and accountability in the state's housing program were called for.[69]

Son becomes company president

Fred's son Donald joined his father's real estate business around 1968, and rose to become company president in 1971.[70] He began calling the company the Trump Organization around 1973.[71][lower-alpha 13] In the mid-1970s, Donald received loans from his father exceeding $14 million (later claimed by Donald to have been only $1 million).[76] This allowed Donald to enter the real estate business in Manhattan, while his father stuck to Brooklyn and Queens.[77] "It was good for me," Donald later commented. "You know, being the son of somebody, it could have been competition to me. This way, I got Manhattan all to myself."[9]

Fred's son Robert also worked for the company, becoming a top executive before his retirement.[34][78]

Civil rights suit and code violations

Minority applicants turned away from renting apartments complained to the New York City Commission on Human Rights and the Urban League, leading the League and other groups to send test applicants to Trump-owned complexes in July 1972. They concluded that whites were offered apartments, while blacks were generally steered away.[lower-alpha 14] Both of the aforementioned advocacy organizations then raised the issue with the Justice Department.[79] In October 1973, the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a civil rights suit against the Trump Organization (Fred Trump, chair, and Donald Trump, president) for infringing the Fair Housing Act of 1968.[79] In response, Trump attorney Roy Cohn countersued for $100 million in damages, accusing the DOJ of false accusations.[79][80]

Some three dozen former Trump employees were interviewed by the FBI.[80] Some testified that they had no knowledge of any racial profiling practices, and that a small percentage of their apartments were rented to blacks or Puerto Ricans.[lower-alpha 15][lower-alpha 16] A former doorman testified that his supervisor had instructed him to tell prospective black tenants that the rent was double its actual amount.[81] Four landlords or rental agents confirmed that applications sent to the Trump organization's head office for approval were coded by the race of the applicant.[82] One former employee testified that a code—which he believed was used throughout the Brooklyn branch of the company—referred to "low lifes" such as "blacks, Puerto Ricans, apparent drug users, or any other type of undesirable applicant," and nine times out of ten it meant the applicant was black; blacks were also falsely told there were no vacancies.[80] A rental agent who had worked with the company for two weeks said that when he asked Fred Trump if he should rent to blacks, he was told that it was "absolutely against the law to discriminate,"[83] but after asking again, he was instructed "not to rent to blacks," and was further advised to:

get rid of the of blacks that were in the building by telling them cheap housing was available for them at only $500 down payment, which Trump would offer to pay himself.[lower-alpha 17] Trump didn't tell me where this housing was located. He advised me not to rent to persons on welfare.[84]

A consent decree between the DOJ and the Trump Organization was signed on June 10, 1975, with both sides claiming victory—the Trump Organization for its perceived ability to continue denying rentals to welfare recipients, and the head of DOJ's housing division for the decree being "one of the most far-reaching ever negotiated."[79][82] It personally and corporately prohibited the Trumps from "discriminating against any person in the ... sale or rental of a dwelling," and "required Trump to advertise vacancies in minority papers, promote minorities to professional jobs, and list vacancies on a preferential basis".[82] Finally, it ordered the Trumps to "thoroughly acquaint themselves personally on a detailed basis with ... the Fair Housing Act of 1968."[79][85]

In early 1976, Trump was ordered by a county judge to correct code violations in a 504-unit property in Seat Pleasant, Maryland. According to the county's housing department investigator, violations included broken windows, dilapidated gutters, and missing fire extinguishers.[lower-alpha 18] After a court date and a series of phone calls with Trump, he was invited to the property to meet with county officials in September 1976 and arrested on site.[87] Trump was released on $1,000 bail.[86]

Wealth and estate

Trump appeared on the initial Forbes 400 list of richest Americans in 1982 with an estimated $200 million fortune shared with his son Donald.[88] In 1976, Trump had set up trust funds of $1 million ($4.5 million in 2019 currency) for each of his five children and three grandchildren, which paid out yearly dividends.[89] By 1993, the siblings' anticipated shares of Trump's estate amounted to $35 million each.[90][89] Upon Trump's death in 1999, his estate was estimated by his family at $250 million to $300 million.[9] His will divided at least $20 million after taxes among his surviving children and grandchildren.[9][89][91]

In 2015, Donald Trump claimed that his father had given him "a small loan of a million dollars," and the next year, said that he "built that into a massive empire" and paid back the loan.[89] In October 2018, The New York Times published an exposé drawing on more than 100,000 pages of tax returns and financial records from Trump's businesses,[lower-alpha 19] and interviews with former advisers and employees. The Times concluded that his son Donald "was a millionaire by age 8,"[93] and that he had received $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from Fred's business empire over his lifetime.[94] According to the Times, the elder Trump loaned at least $60 million to his son, who largely failed to reimburse him.[93][lower-alpha 20]

Fred and Donald Trump have conducted a number of apparently fraudulent tax schemes. In 1987, when Donald's loan debt to his father exceeded $11 million, Fred invested $15.5 million in Trump Palace Condominiums and sold these shares to his son for $10,000, thus masking what could be considered a hidden donation, and benefiting from a tax write-off.[94] When an $18.4 million bond payment for Trump's Castle was due in late 1990, Fred used a bookkeeper to purchase $3.5 million in casino chips, placing no bet, helping Donald avoid defaulting on his bonds; this action, illegal in New Jersey, resulted in a $65,000 fine.[1] Donald Trump's lawyer denied the allegations of fraud and tax evasion, but divulged, "President Trump had virtually no involvement whatsoever with these matters. The affairs were handled by other Trump family members who were not experts themselves and therefore relied entirely upon [licensed attorneys, Certified Public Accountants and real estate appraisers] to ensure full compliance with the law." According to the exposé, Fred and Mary Trump provided their children with over $1 billion, which should have been taxed at the rate of 55% for gifts and inheritances (over $550 million), but records show that only $52.2 million (about 5%) was paid.[94][lower-alpha 21]

Philanthropy
Fred Trump (left) and other realtors at a New York and Brooklyn federation Jewish charity dinner in 1941

Fred and Mary Trump supported medical charities by donating buildings. After Mary received medical care at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, they donated the Trump Pavilion;[9][96] Fred was also a trustee of the hospital.[97] The couple donated a two-building complex in Brooklyn as a home for "functionally retarded adults" and other buildings to the National Kidney Foundation of New York and New Jersey.[9][96][lower-alpha 22] The Cerebral Palsy Foundation of New York and New Jersey also received a building.[9] Fred reportedly supported the Long Island Jewish Hospital and the Hospital for Special Surgery in Manhattan.[9]

The Trumps were active in The Salvation Army, the Boy Scouts of America, and the Lighthouse for the Blind.[96] Fred also supported the Kew-Forest School,[9] where his children attended and he served on the board of directors.[98] Trump gave prominently to both Jewish and Israeli causes,[53] including donating the land for the Beach Haven Jewish Center in Flatbush, New York,[99] supporting Israel Bonds,[100] and serving as the treasurer of an Israel benefit concert featuring American easy-listening performers.[97]

In 2018, The New York Times reported in their exposé on Trump's financial records that they had "found no evidence that Fred Trump made any significant ... charitable donations".[94]

Illness and death

Trump suffered from Alzheimer's disease for the last six years of his life,[9] and finally fell ill with pneumonia in June 1999. He was admitted to Long Island Jewish Medical Center in New Hyde Park, where he died at age 93 on June 25.[101] His funeral was held at the Marble Collegiate Church,[101] and was attended by over 600 people.[102][lower-alpha 23] His body is buried in a family plot at the Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens.[103][lower-alpha 24] His widow, Mary, died on August 7, 2000, in New Hyde Park, New York, at age 88.[96]

Before Trump's death, his lawyer had noted that the children of Fred Jr. (d. 1981), Fred III and Mary L. Trump, would be treated unequally because they would not receive their deceased father's share.[lower-alpha 25] The lawyer wrote to Trump that "Given the size of your estate, this is tantamount to disinheriting them. You may wish to increase their participation in your estate to avoid ill will in the future." Following Trump's death, Fred Jr.'s children contested his will in probate court, claiming that Trump had been suffering from dementia and that the will was "procured by fraud and undue influence" by Donald, Maryanne, and Robert Trump.[106][91]

Legacy

Folk icon Woody Guthrie was a tenant in one of Trump's apartment complexes in Brooklyn in 1950.[64] In his unrecorded song "Old Man Trump," he accused his landlord of stirring up racial hate "in the bloodpot of human hearts."[107]

Before becoming president, Richard Nixon corresponded with or about Trump, in a document maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration.[108] In October 2016, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request, the FBI released a small file it had on Trump. It includes a 1986 New York Daily News article on Trump Management's campaign donations of over $350,000 to New York mayor Ed Koch; the bureau was also possibly concerned about ties to organized crime, but much of the relevant information is redacted.[75][lower-alpha 26]

In 1993, Harry Hurt III wrote in his book Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump that he overheard Fred Trump talking about Donald and his wife Marla Maples as they departed for a flight, saying, "I hope their plane crashes," because then "all my problems will be solved."[44] According to publisher Simon & Schuster, Fred's granddaughter Mary L. Trump, in her 2020 book Too Much and Never Enough, recounts "the appalling way Donald, Fred Trump's favorite son, dismissed and derided him when he began to succumb to Alzheimer's."[44] Asked by Chris Wallace if his niece's allegations hurt him, Donald responded,

It hurts me more about attacking my father, not being kind to my mother. I have a mother who was like a saint. ... Let me just tell you, my father was—I think he was the most solid person I've ever met. And he was a very good person. He was a very, very good person. He was strong but he was good. For her to say the kind of things, a psychopath, that he was a psychopath, anybody that knew Fred Trump would call him a psychopath? ... [He was] tough on me, he was tough on all of the kids. But tough in a solid sense, in a really good sense.[109]

Comedian Seth MacFarlane credits Donald Trump's fortune to his father, comparing their relationship to that of Jaden and Will Smith.[110] Fred Willard played Trump's ghost on Jimmy Kimmel Live!,[111] and an animated Fred Trump appears in episodes of Our Cartoon President.[112] An episode of the 2019 television series Watchmen appears to depict him as a member of the Ku Klux Klan.[113] A satirical piece in McSweeney's depicts someone who attempts to go back in time to kill Adolf Hitler, but arrives at the hospital room where Fred and Mary Trump are with their newborn baby Donald.[114] Ronald Reagan's daughter Patti Davis writes for The Daily Beast that Fred "was a study in cruelty and tyranny, producing a son [Donald] who, in order to get paternal approval, or even be noticed, had to be at least as cruel," and that Donald "is still the kid at the dinner table trying to get daddy to like him best."[115]

References

Footnotes

  1. Aboard the SS Pennsylvania[6]
  2. Another of the men, arrested on the same charge, was a bystander who had had his foot run over by a police car. According to the police, the five remaining men were certainly Klan members.[24]
  3. He also told the Daily Mail,
    He was never arrested. He has nothing to do with this. This never happened. This is nonsense and it never happened. This never happened. Never took place. He was never arrested, never convicted, never even charged. It's a completely false, ridiculous story. He was never there! It never happened. Never took place.[20]
  4. Gwenda Blair notes that these were all white but of varying national origin.[30]
  5. An airline pilot with Trans World Airlines[34]
  6. A retired executive of Chase Manhattan Bank[35]
  7. A top executive of his father's property management company until his retirement[36]
  8. According to Timothy L. O'Brien's review of Mary L. Trump's Too Much and Never Enough (2020), "Fred Sr., a teetotaler, kept an elegant bar outfitted with everything but alcohol".[39]
  9. As president of the United States, Donald Trump has on at least three occasions incorrectly stated that his father was born in Germany.[55]
  10. Fred Jr., who joined the primarily Jewish fraternity Sigma Alpha Mu, is quoted as saying his father was Jewish.[56]
  11. Including Chester, Pennsylvania, Newport News and Norfolk, Virginia
  12. Including Coney Island, Bensonhurst, Sheepshead Bay, Flatbush, and Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, and Flushing and Jamaica Estates in Queens
  13. Previously, it had no single name but had been called the Fred (C.) Trump Organization,[72][73] and operated subsidiaries such as Trump Management and Trump Construction Corp.[74][75]
  14. According to Mary L. Trump's 2020 book, Fred called people of color who wished to rent from him "die Schwarze" ('the Black[s]').[39]
  15. Trump personally requested that a lease agreement not be made unless the tenant had a monthly income four times the rent.[81][80]
  16. Former employees were asked whether Jewish applicants were shown preference; one former employee felt that such applicants "had an easier time of getting an apartment than anyone else."[80]
  17. The agent also testified that Trump suggested removing families by charging late fees on rent so that a disposition notice could be issued.[80]
  18. According to the vice president of the subsidiary company responsible for the property, it had recently seen an increase in low-income tenants.[86]
  19. Mary L. Trump writes in her 2020 memoir that she provided the Times with 19 boxes of these financial records.[92]
  20. When Donald Trump renovated the Grand Hyatt New York in the late 1970s, Fred provided $2 million to help repay the construction loan. He further assisted his son with a $35 million line of credit, a $30 million mortgage, and an additional corporate loan.[95]
  21. Contrarily, Robert Trump states, "All appropriate gift and estate tax returns were filed, and the required taxes were paid."[1]
  22. The New York Times reported in their 2018 exposé on Trump's financial records that his donation of Patio Gardens, one of his least profitable properties, to the National Kidney Foundation was "one of the largest charitable donations he ever made. The greater the value of Patio Gardens, the bigger his deduction. The appraisal cited in Fred Trump's 1992 tax return valued Patio Gardens at $34 million."[94]
  23. Including Trump family biographer Gwenda Blair[102]
  24. In late 2016, Nell Scovell reported in Esquire that she was unable to find the Trump family plot at the All Faiths Cemetery, with its president telling her "This is not a public space," despite the cemetery's website listing Trump as a notable individual and offering to show visitors the graves of such persons upon request.[104]
  25. They both received $200,000, the same amount given to each grandchild.[105]
  26. By early 2017, the FBI had also declassified 389 pages from its 1970s investigation of allegations of racial discrimination by Trump's company.[83]

Citations

  1. Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne; Barstow, David (October 2, 2018). "11 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation Into Trump's Wealth; The Trump parents dodged hundreds of millions in gift taxes by grossly undervaluing the assets they would pass on". Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  2. Blair 2015, pp. 90, 94–5.
  3. Blair 2015, p. 97.
  4. Blair 2015, p. 98.
  5. Connolly, Kate (November 21, 2016). "Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather". The Guardian. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  6. Blair 2015, p. 110.
  7. Blair 2015, p. 112.
  8. Horowitz, Jason (August 12, 2016). "Fred Trump Taught His Son the Essentials of Showboating Self-Promotion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  9. Rozhon, Tracie (June 26, 1999). "Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93". The New York Times. New York: New York Times Company. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  10. Blair 2015, p. 117.
  11. Blair 2015, p. 119.
  12. Snyder, Gerald S. (July 26, 1964). "Millionaire Calls Work His Hobby". The Bridgeport Post: 65. Retrieved January 29, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. Whitman, Alden (January 28, 1973). "A builder looks back—and moves forward". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  14. Blair 2015, pp. 117, 120.
  15. Blair 2015, pp. 120–122.
  16. Barrett, Wayne (2016). Trump: The Greatest Show on Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention. Simon & Schuster. p. 63. ISBN 9781942872979.
  17. "Homeseekers buy Hollis dwellings". New York Times. July 21, 1926. p. 32. They also sold for E. Trump & Son a Colonial type dwelling on Wall Street to William Socolow for occupancy.
  18. "New concerns function with Queens capital". The Daily Star. April 16, 1927. p. 16. E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty.
  19. "New Concerns Function with Queens Capital". The Daily Star. April 16, 1927.
  20. Bump, Philip (February 29, 2016). "In 1927, Donald Trump's Father Was Arrested After a Klan Riot in Queens". The Fix. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  21. Pearl, Mike (March 10, 2016). "All the Evidence We Could Find About Fred Trump's Alleged Involvement with the KKK". Vice. The Vice Guide to the 2016 Election. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  22. Blum, Matt (September 9, 2015). "1927 news report: Donald Trump's dad arrested in KKK brawl with cops". Boing Boing. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  23. "Warren Criticizes 'Class Parades'". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. June 1, 1927. Retrieved May 15, 2019. Fred Trump of 175-24 Devonshire Road, Jamaica, was discharged.
  24. "Warren Ordered Police to Block Parade by Klan". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 31, 1927. p. 5. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  25. Horowitz, Jason (September 22, 2015). "In Interview, Donald Trump Denies Report of Father's Arrest in 1927". First Draft. The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  26. Blair 2015, p. 123.
  27. Blair 2015, p. 127.
  28. Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2016). Trump Revealed: An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-5011-5578-9.
  29. Roth, Richard J. (May 14, 1950). "Trump the Builder Plays Mothers as Ace Cards". Brooklyn Eagle. p. 25. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  30. Blair 2015, p. 150.
  31. Blair 2015, pp. 147–48.
  32. Hannan, Martin (May 20, 2016). "An inconvenient truth? Donald Trump's Scottish mother was a low-earning migrant". The National. Glasgow, Scotland: Newsquest. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  33. Pilon, Mary (June 24, 2016). "Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother". The New Yorker. New York: Condé Nast. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  34. Horowitz, Jason (January 2, 2016). "For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering". The New York Times. New York: New York Times Company. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  35. Gavin, Michael (June 23, 2017). "Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M". Newsday. New York: Newsday Media. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
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