EndNote

EndNote is a commercial reference management software package, used to manage bibliographies and references when writing essays and articles. It is produced by Clarivate Analytics (previously by Thomson Reuters).

This article is about the reference management software. For other uses of the word, see Endnote (disambiguation).
EndNote
Endnote X8.2 running on Windows 10
Original author(s)Thomson Reuters
Developer(s)Clarivate Analytics
Stable release
X9.2[1] [2] / June 11, 2019 (2019-06-11)
Operating systemWindows, macOS
TypeReference management
LicenseClosed-source and commercial software
Websiteendnote.com

Features

EndNote groups citations into "libraries" with the file extension *.enl and a corresponding *.data folder.

There are several ways to add a reference to a library: manually, or by exporting, importing, copying from another EndNote library, or connecting from EndNote. The program presents the user with a window containing a dropdown menu from which to select the type of reference they require (e.g., book, congressional legislation, film, newspaper article, etc.), and fields ranging from the general (author, title, year) to those specific to the kind of reference (abstract, author, ISBN, running time, etc.)

Most bibliographic databases allow users to export references to their EndNote libraries. This enables the user to select multiple citations and saves the user from having to manually enter the citation information and the abstracts. Some databases (e.g., PubMed) requires the user to select citations, select a specific format, and save them as .txt files. The user can then import the citations into the EndNote software. It is also possible to search library catalogs and free databases, such as PubMed, from within the EndNote software program itself.

If the user fills out the necessary fields, EndNote can automatically format the citation into any of over 2,000 different styles the user chooses. For example, listed below are some citations from Gray's Anatomy using several different styles:

Anthropos Gray, Henry
1910 Anatomy, descriptive and applied. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. [18th ed.]
APA 5th Gray, H. (1910). Anatomy, descriptive and applied (18th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
MLA Gray, Henry. Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1910.
New England J Medicine 1. Gray H. Anatomy, descriptive and applied. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1910.

In Windows, EndNote creates a file with an *.enl extension, along with a *.data folder containing various MySQL files with *.myi and *.myd extensions. EndNote can be installed so that its features, like Cite While You Write, appear in the Tools menu of Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org Writer.

EndNote can export citation libraries as HTML, plain text, Rich Text Format, or XML. From version X.7.2, one library can be shared with up to 14 other EndNote users. The data is synchronized via the EndNote cloud service, with everybody having full write access to the library.[3]

EndNote can also organize PDFs on the user's hard drive (or full text on the web) through links to files or by inserting copies of PDFs. It is also possible to save a single image, document, Excel spreadsheet, or other file type to each reference in an EndNote library. Starting from EndNote X version 1.0.1, formatting support for OpenDocument files (ODT) using the Format Paper command is supported.

In September 2008, Thomson Reuters, the owners of EndNote, sued the Commonwealth of Virginia for US$10 million and requested an injunction against competing reference management software.[4][5] George Mason University's Center for History and New Media had developed Zotero, a free/open-source extension to Mozilla Firefox. Thomson Reuters alleges that the Zotero developers reverse engineered and/or decompiled EndNote, that Zotero can transform proprietary EndNote citation style files (.ens) to the open Citation Style Language format, that they host files converted in this manner, and that they abuse the "EndNote" trademark in describing this feature. Thomson Reuters claims that this is violation of the site license agreement. They also added a restrictive click-thru license to their styles download web site.[5] George Mason University responded that it would not renew its site license for EndNote, that "anything created by users of Zotero belongs to those users, and that it should be as easy as possible for Zotero users to move to and from the software as they wish, without friction."[6] The journal Nature editorialized that "the virtues of interoperability and easy data-sharing among researchers are worth restating. Imagine if Microsoft Word or Excel files could be opened and saved only in these proprietary formats, for example. It would be impossible for OpenOffice and other such software to read and save these files using open standards — as they can legally do."[7] The case was dismissed on June 4, 2009.[8]

EndNote Web

EndNote Web, a web-based implementation of EndNote, offers integration with the ISI Web of Knowledge.[9]

Import format

Endnote can import records from other databases or text files. These files need to be formatted in a format that Endnote can process. The following example shows three records ready for import as a text file. Such files normally use the file extension .enw.

%0 Book
%A Geoffrey Chaucer
%D 1957
%T The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
%E F.
%I Houghton
%C Boston
%N 2nd

%0 Journal Article
%A Herbert H. Clark
%D 1982
%T Hearers and Speech Acts
%B Language
%V 58
%P 332-373

%0 Thesis
%A Cantucci, Elena
%T Permian strata in South-East Asia
%D 1990
%I University of California, Berkeley
%9 Dissertation

Tags and fields

The table at the left is a list of EndNote tags and their associated field names. The table at the right is a list of standard reference types for the %0 field. Compare this scheme with the much older refer scheme which uses a similar syntax. Entire records as separated by a single blank line.[10]:121

EndNote tags and field names [10]:122–124
TagField nameComment
%AAuthor
%BSecondary titleof a book or conference name
%CPlace published
%DYear
%EEditor/Secondary author
%FLabel
%GLanguage
%HTranslated author
%IPublisher
%JJournal name
%KKeywords
%LCall number
%MAccession number
%NNumberor issue
%OAlternate title
%PPages
%QTranslated title
%RDOIdigital object identifier
%STertiary title
%TTitle
%UURL
%VVolume
%WDatabase provider
%XAbstract
%YTertiary author/Translator
%ZNotes
%0Reference typesee right table
%1Custom 1
%2Custom 2
%3Custom 3
%4Custom 4
%6Number of volumes
%7Edition
%8Date
%9Type of work
%?Subsidiary author
%@ISBN/ISSNISBN or ISSN number
%!Short title
%#Custom 5
%$Custom 6
%]Custom 7
%&Section
%(Original publication
%)Reprint edition
%*Reviewed item
%+Author address
%^Caption
%>File attachments
%<Research notes
%[Access date
%=Custom 8
%~Name of database
  
Reference types [10]:121–122
Type
%0 Generic
%0 Government Document
%0 Aggregated Database
%0 Ancient Text
%0 Artwork
%0 Audiovisual Material
%0 Bill
%0 Blog
%0 Book
%0 Book Section
%0 Case
%0 Catalog
%0 Chart or Table
%0 Classical Work
%0 Computer Program
%0 Conference Paper
%0 Conference Proceedings
%0 Dictionary
%0 Edited Book
%0 Electronic Article
%0 Electronic Book
%0 Encyclopedia
%0 Equation
%0 Figure
%0 Film or Broadcast
%0 Grant
%0 Hearing
%0 Journal Article
%0 Legal Rule or Regulation
%0 Magazine Article
%0 Manuscript
%0 Map
%0 Music
%0 Newspaper Article
%0 Online Database
%0 Online Multimedia
%0 Pamphlet
%0 Patent
%0 Personal Communication
%0 Report
%0 Serial Publication
%0 Standard
%0 Statute
%0 Thesis
%0 Unpublished Work
%0 Web Page
%0 Unused 1
%0 Unused 2
%0 Unused 3

Version history and compatibility

Niles and Associates produced early versions of EndNote.[11][12]

  • EndNote X9.3.x for Windows & Mac, released 2019–2020. [13] Library files (i.e. citation databases) created with this version are in a different format to previous versions. [14] Earlier versions of EndNote may not be able to read library files created with this version of EndNote.
  • EndNote X9.2 for Windows & Mac, released 11 June 2019. [15]
  • EndNote X9.1.1 for Mac, released 29 March 2019.
  • EndNote X9.1 for Windows & Mac, released 12 March 2019. [16]
  • EndNote X9 for Windows & Mac, released 1 August 2018.
  • EndNote X8.2 for Windows, released 9 January 2018.
  • EndNote X8 for Windows & Mac, released 8 November 2016.
  • EndNote X7.5 for Windows & Mac, released 2 February 2016.
  • EndNote X7.4 for Windows & Mac, released 11 August 2015.
  • EndNote X7.3 for Windows & Mac, released 1 April 2015.
  • EndNote X7.2 for Windows & Mac, released 30 September 2014.
  • EndNote X7.1 for Windows & Mac, released 2 April 2014.
  • EndNote X7.0.1 for Mac, released 13 November 2013.
  • EndNote X7.0.2 for Windows, released 23 October 2013.
  • EndNote X7 for Mac, released July 2013.
  • EndNote X7 for Windows, released 20 May 2013; Compatible with Microsoft Word 2013.
  • EndNote X6 for Windows, released 6 August 2012; EndNote X6 for Mac, released Q4 2012, compatible with OS X 10.8.
  • EndNote X5 for Mac, released September 2011, introduced official compatibility with OS X 10.7 Lion.[17]
  • EndNote X5 for Windows, released 21 June 2011. Compatible with Microsoft Word 2010[18]
  • EndNote X4 for Mac, released 23 August 2010.[19] Introduced official compatibility with Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard. Initially not compatible with Microsoft Office 2011, a compatibility update was subsequently made available on the EndNote website.[20]
  • EndNote X4 for Windows, released 15 June 2010.[21] Introduced official compatibility with Microsoft Windows 7.[22] Introduced official compatibility with Microsoft Word 2010 (required an update via Help -> Program Updates, or directly from the Endnote website).[20]
  • EndNote X3 for Mac, released 26 August 2009.[23] Not compatible with Microsoft Word 2011.[20] EndNote X3 and later are not supported on systems running Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.[24]
  • EndNote X3 for Windows, released 17 June 2009.[25] Not compatible with Microsoft Word 2010;[20] Word 2010 cannot be started without disabling the EndNote Addin.
  • EndNote X2 for Mac, released 3 September 2008.[26]
  • EndNote X2 for Windows, released 11 June 2008.[27] The "Cite While You Write" feature in EndNote X2 was originally not compatible with 64-bit versions of Windows, but a patch can fix this issue.[28] Last update: Version 12.0.4 (build 4459).
  • EndNote X1 for Mac, released 21 August 2007.[29] The Cite While You Write feature of EndNote X1 for Mac OS was originally only compatible with Word 10.1.2-10.1.6 and Word 2004. Due to changes in the way third party addins were supported in Word 2008, Cite While You Write was not natively compatible with Word 2008. A patch was released on June 26, 2008 that restored cite while you write functionality to Word 2008.[30]
  • EndNote X1 for Windows, released 20 August 2007.[31] EndNote X1 and later are compatible with Windows Vista.[22]
  • EndNote X for Mac, released 25 August 2006.[32] EndNote X and later are "Universal applications" that execute natively on both PPC and Intel-based Macs.[33] Introduced compatibility with Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.[17] EndNote libraries that have been opened and used with EndNote version X or greater should not be subsequently used with an EndNote version earlier than version X.[34]
  • EndNote X for Windows, released 9 June 2006.[35] EndNote libraries that have been opened and used with EndNote version X or greater should not be subsequently used with an EndNote version earlier than version X.[34]
  • EndNote 9 for Mac, released 29 August 2005.[36] Introduced compatibility with Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.[24] Due to major compatibility issues, it is not recommend to run EndNote 9 or earlier on OS X 10.5 Leopard.[17]
  • EndNote 9 for Windows, released 21 June 2005.[37]
  • EndNote 8 for Mac, released 30 November 2004.[38] Introduced compatibility with Mac OS X 10.3 Panther.
  • EndNote 8 for Windows, released 21 June 2004.[39]
  • EndNote 7 for Mac, released 26 August 2003.[40] Not certified compatible with OS X 10.3 Panther (users can install and run EndNote 7 on a Panther system, but there are some minor compatibility issues).[41]
  • EndNote 7 for Windows, released 24 June 2003.[42]
  • EndNote 6 for Mac, released 5 August 2002.[43] Not certified compatible with OS X 10.3 Panther (it is possible to install and run EndNote 6 on a Panther system, but there are some minor compatibility issues).[41]
  • EndNote 6 for Windows, released 17 June 2002.[44]
  • EndNote 5 for Mac, released 19 July 2001.[45] EndNote 5 and earlier are not compatible with any version of OS X.[41]
  • EndNote 5 for Windows, released 11 June 2001.[46]
  • EndNote 4 for Mac & Windows released 6 March 2000.[47]
  • EndNote 3 for Mac & Windows released 10 March 1998.[48][49]
  • EndNote 2 for Mac & Windows was probably released in the summer of 1995.[50][49]
  • EndNote Plus for Mac
  • EndNote for Mac

See also

Data schemes

  • BibTeX – a text-based data format used by LaTeX
  • refer – a similar, but not identical, data scheme supported on UNIX-like systems
  • RIS – a text-based data scheme from Research Information Systems

Software

References
  1. "Product Details - EndNote - Clarivate Analytics". EndNote.
  2. "EndNote X9.2 for Windows® and Macintosh®". endnote.eu.
  3. "Library Sharing - EndNote - Thomson Reuters". EndNote. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  4. "Reuters Says George Mason University Is Handing Out Its Proprietary Software". Courthouse News Service. 2008-09-17. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13.
  5. Young, Jeffrey R. (2008-09-29). "Wired Campus: Maker of EndNote Citation Software Sues George Mason U. - Chronicle.com". Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  6. Owens, Trevor (2008-10-29). "Official Statement". Zotero: The Next-Generation Research Tool. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  7. Anon (2008). "Beta blockers? Proprietary data formats may be legally defensible but open standards can be a better spur for innovation". Nature. 455 (7214): 708. doi:10.1038/455708a. PMID 18843308.
  8. Takats, Sean (2009-06-04). "Thomson Reuters Lawsuit Dismissed". The Quintessence of Ham. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  9. Williamson, Iain (2007), "EndNote", Software for Small Business, 2008 Edition: Windows and Vista Programs to Help You Improve Efficiency and Productivity, Productive Publications, pp. 77–78, 380, ISBN 9781552703250, retrieved 2012-05-14, EndNote Web is a companion product which is a Web-based reference organizer incorporated into the ISI Web of Knowledge [...].
  10. Endnote X6 help (PDF). 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  11. For example: "EndNote". PC Mag. 10 (16). Ziff Davis, Inc. 1991-09-24. ISSN 0888-8507. Retrieved 2015-03-03. 'EndNote (Niles & Associates) [...] stores up to 32,000 references and creates bibliographies in any style you choose.
  12. Heck, André; Murtagh, Fionn, eds. (1993). Intelligent Information Retrieval: The Case of Astronomy and Related Space Sciences. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. 182. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 57. ISBN 9780792322955. Retrieved 2015-03-04. EndNote from Niles and Associates is a commercial personal DBMS tool explicitly customized for storing and retrieving scientific bibliographical records. [...] EndNote incorporates knowledge about bibliographic subtleties such as abbreviation and positioning of author initials, data dictionaries for journal names, different styles and abbreviation levels required for different journals, etc.
  13. "Recent Software Updates". endnote.com.Accessed 2020-01-17.
  14. "Recent Software Updates". endnote.com.Accessed 2020-01-17.
  15. "EndNote X9.2 for Windows® and Macintosh®". endnote.eu.
  16. "EndNote X9.1 for Windows® and Macintosh®". endnote.me.
  17. Archived January 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  18. "Portal". Kbportal.thomson.com. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  19. "Thomson Reuters Ships EndNote X4 for Mac OS X". Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  20. "Frequently Asked Questions". EndNote.
  21. "Thomson Reuters Releases EndNote X4 for Windows". Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  22. "Windows 7 notes for all versions of EndNote". Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  23. Thomson Reuters | Thomson Reuters Ships EndNote X3 For Mac Os X
  25. "Thomson Reuters Releases EndNote X3 for Windows". Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  26. "Thomson Reuters Ships EndNote X2 for Mac OS X". Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  27. "The Scientific Business of Thomson Reuters Releases EndNote X2 for Windows". Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  28. "Frequently Asked Questions - Install 28: Is EndNote compatible with a 64-bit version of Windows running on a computer with a 64-bit processor?". Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  29. "Press Releases". thomsonreuters.com.
  30. "EndNote X1 Patch Restores CWYW Functionality to Word 2008 | MacResearch". Archived from the original on 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  31. "Thomson Scientific Releases EndNote X1 for Windows". Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  32. "Thomson ResearchSoft Ships EndNote X for Mac OS X". Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  33. "Macintosh Intel News". Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  34. "EndNote X Getting Started Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  35. "Thomson ResearchSoft Releases EndNote X for Windows". Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  36. Thomson ResearchSoft Ships EndNote 9 for Mac at the Wayback Machine (archived January 6, 2012)
  37. "Thomson ResearchSoft Releases EndNote 9 for Windows". Archived from the original on 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  38. "Thomson ResearchSoft Ships EndNote 8 for Mac OS X". Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  39. Archived January 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  40. "Thomson ISI ResearchSoft Ships EndNote 7 For Macintosh OS X". Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  41. Archived March 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  42. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  45. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  46. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  48. EndNote email to previous users, March 10, 1998.
  49. "Software Updates - EndNote - Thomson Reuters". EndNote.
  50. In email to EndNote users on May 8, 1995, EndNote announced the "beta test version of EndNote Plus 2.1."
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