Egyptian Air Defense Forces

The Egyptian Air Defense Forces or EADF (Arabic: قوات الدفاع الجوي‎, Quwwat El-Difa' El-Gawwi), is the Anti-aircraft warfare branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces. It is responsible for protecting the Egyptian airspace against any hostile air attacks. The EADF was established in accordance with the presidential decree issued on 1 February 1968, which provided for the establishment of the Air Defense Forces as the fourth branch, next to the Navy, Egyptian Ground Forces, and Egyptian Air Force, formerly part of the artillery and under the operation command of the Air Force. Egypt has a modern system of air defense armament, characterized by diverse sources between east and west, which is divided between anti-aircraft missiles long, medium and short-range anti-aircraft artillery systems and early warning radars.

Egyptian Air Defense Forces
قوات الدفاع الجوي المصري
Egyptian Air Defense Forces insignia
Founded1968 (52 years)
1938-1968 (part of Artillery corps)
Country Egypt
Allegiance Egypt
BranchAir Defense
RoleAnti-aircraft warfare
Size80,000 active (As of 2014)[1]
70,000 reserve (As of 2014)[1]
150,000 total (As of 2014)[1]
Part of Egyptian Armed Forces
Garrison/HQCairo, Egypt
Nickname(s)حصن السماء Sky Fortress
Motto(s)إيمان, عزم, مجد Faith, Will, Glory
Anniversaries30 June
EngagementsWorld War II
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Tripartite Aggression
North Yemen Civil War
Six-Day War
War of Attrition
October War
Gulf War
Websitewww.mod.gov.eg
Commanders
Commander of the Egyptian Air DefenseLieutenant General. Ali Fahmi
Chief of StaffStaff Major General Mohamed Darrag
Insignia
Flag
InsigniaEgyptian Army ranks

Officers are mostly graduates of the Egyptian Air Defense Academy, located in Alexandria. The headquarters is in Cairo, and currently the Commander in Chief is Lieutenant General. Ali Fahmi[2] and the Chief of Staff is Staff Major General. Mohamed Darrag. The Egyptian air defense forces consists of 30,000 officers & soldiers plus 50,000 conscripts.[1]

Foundation

After the evolution of the role of aviation during and after the First World War, Egypt saw at that time the formation of a limited force of anti-aircraft artillery enabling it to defend its main cities and economic centers in Cairo and Alexandria against any air attacks directed against it. Egypt began to form the first nucleus of the anti-aircraft artillery In 1938, the forces consisted of two regiments of anti-aircraft armed with 3-inch anti-aircraft guns. Since these cannons could not engage at night, as radar had not yet appeared on the military scene, 2 spotlight regiments were formed, which were supplied with 90-cm spotlights. Anti-aircraft artillery, with its two sections, became artillery and spotlights, a branch of artillery corps.

World War II

Anti-aircraft artillery entered the battles of the Second World War and it is still in the cradle of training and organization, and the air defense battles were fought for the densely populated cities and the special importance represented in Cairo, Alexandria, Port Said and Suez. The first quarter of 1939 was taken to confront the attacks of Italian and German aviation around these cities, and due to the poor quality of the attacking aircraft in addition to the weak level of pilots, Italian aircraft were unable to carry out any successful missions against Egyptian cities except for some limited strikes on residential areas, offset by the dropping of a number of aircraft. In June 1941 the German aviation fiercely developed its attacks on Egypt to cause a moral and material impact for the benefit of the Axis powers, resulting in huge losses of lives and property and did not succeed in achieving actual casualties with military targets, facilities and ports due to the fierce resistance of the anti-aircraft artillery that forced the invading planes to drop their bombs away from vital goals. These continuous attacks enabled the anti-aircraft artillery forces to gain practical experience and identify the tactical shortcomings and work to solve them, so they replaced the 3-inch anti-aircraft guns with their 3.7-inch counterpart with their fixed and mobile types, and developed their tactics to the style of hitting, which depends on creating a curtain intensive fire at a certain point along the plane's itinerary before it reaches the bomb-dropping line, and all its cannons are fired at a specific time that is set according to the speed of the attacking plane and the distance that was discovered, which resulted in good results at that time due to the speed Ltd. limited the quality of the aircraft at that time and the ingenuity of the Egyptian soldiers in the management of the hitting fire. In view of this success and the great effort made by the anti-aircraft artillery officers, the leadership rewarded them by sending them to scientific missions to gain more knowledge and skills of the anti-aircraft artillery at the British anti-aircraft artillery school in the Middle East, and there the Egyptian officers demonstrated their high ability and scientific excellence.

1948 Arab-Israeli

After the Arab kings and presidents announced the intervention of the Arab armies to liberate Palestine from the Zionist occupation, several Egyptian army units were ordered at the beginning of May 1948 to go to the eastern borders to enter the war and among these forces were a number of anti-aircraft artillery units of light and medium caliber, whose mission was providing protection to ground units against any air attacks by the Israeli forces, and anti-aircraft artillery succeeded in carrying out its full role and Israeli aircraft with limited strength were not able at that time to influence the course of the battles, and due to the losses that were caused by the Israeli air, anti-aircraft artillery was able to: provide aid to the ground forces in other tasks other than air protection and was used as anti-tank artillery and as a field artillery, especially in the bombardment of fortified bunkers and Zionist settlements' water tanks.

Suez Crisis
An Egyptian anti air-craft cannon during 1956 Suez war

Anti-aircraft guns were one of the Egyptian military strengths of World War II.[3] After the 1952 Coup d'état, further development of anti-aircraft forces was part of Egypt's military buildup.

In mid-1956 the formation of a good number of units of light and medium anti-aircraft artillery began. Following the outbreak of the Suez Crisis, anti-aircraft artillery forces met with sophisticated technology not matched by arming which dates back to World War II technology, engendering aircraft anti-modern vehicles and soldiers with machine guns in a continuous raids and at low and medium altitudes, but the anti-aircraft artillery soldiers inflicted hostile forces, the largest possible losses in spite of the lack of training and the weakness of their equipment have shot down several aircraft in Cairo, Alexandria and Sinai and set up a trap for the planes tried to bomb the crossings that link the Sinai Nile Valley in the city of Suez, and Port Said forces managed to hold out for several days before the air attacks intensive aircraft aggression triangular, also participated in the popular resistance operations.[4]

Six-Day War
Main article: Six-Day War
Egyptian missile site captured by Israelis during the Arab-Israeli War.

On 5 June 1967, the Israeli Air Force began air strikes on the Egyptian front in Sinai, taking advantage of shortcomings in the Egyptian air defense. The Israeli Air Force did not face any little resistance except from anti-aircraft artillery, which date back to the manufactured Second World War and that are not suitable for dealing with modern fighter aircraft with high speeds, resulting in a painful loss of life, land and equipment.[4]

War of Attrition
Main article: War of Attrition
Soviet/Egyptian S-125 anti-aircraft type missiles in the Suez Canal vicinity

Following the 1967 war, Egypt took the decision to re-organize and develop its armed forces, and included those decisions on Presidential Decree No. 199 issued on 1 February 1968, establishment of the Egyptian Air Defense Forces as a branch of a major and the strength of an independent stand-alone after they had their weapons and units scattered among departments and troops with artillery and rockets were tracing artillery management units and radar warning and operations centers used to belong to the air force and the control points were given follow the Border guard.[5]

And confined all the means and weapons and equipment anti-air attacks under one command to ensure coordination and unification of responsibility and in order to achieve success, and in the 23 June 1969 was appointed Lieutenant General Mohammed Aly Fahmy as the first commander of the newly emerging forces, which carry it upon himself to reorganize the forces and the management of cadres and personnel training and increase their level of tactical and tactical mission and technical, with a broad technological base capable of accommodating modern air defense weapons as soon as possible in order to deprive Israel of air superiority configuration.[6] Near the end of the war, on June 30th 1970, Egyptian SAM units shot down four IAF aircraft (2 Skyhawks & 2 Phantoms) from this day to August 6th the EADF shot down 12 IAF aircraft (mostly Phantoms) that this week was nicknamed "Week of the falling Phantoms" this event brought an end to the war and start of Roger's peace negotiations. June 30th has become the EADF anniversary since then.

Warning Network

Require the development of the Egyptian air defense system, the establishment of long-range warning network to detect any hostile aircraft approaching from the Egyptian airspace and provide enough time to warn of rockets and artillery positions, and secure the necessary current information to operate the equipment and weapons. Egypt succeeded in providing large numbers of multi-media warning and used in coordination and cooperation and promote the complementary network of checkpoints and processing network, given flexible transportation and protection against Israeli electronic attacks.[4]:10

SAM Wall

The General Command of the Armed Forces began to support the Air Defense Command with modern types of weapons, electronic equipment and anti-aircraft missiles that fly at low altitudes, and the air defense men continued to establish sites fortified with the expansion of the country from Aswan to Alexandria and from Port Said to Matrouh, and the state devoted its material and engineering capabilities To build these sites in the shortest possible time with the preparation of roads and the establishment of telecommunications. The Israeli leadership focused its air strikes on the canal line with the aim of sticking to the ceasefire lines and tightening its grip on that front, and identified the tasks of the Israeli Air Force in destroying Egyptian military sites, especially field artillery shelters, and preventing the establishment of new anti-aircraft missile bases in the channel area, and isolating important areas on The Egyptian front and paralyze any moves aimed at introducing or mobilizing forces in the region. To counter these concentrated air strikes, the Air Defense Forces moved to introduce anti-aircraft missiles to the canal area, and constructed anti-aircraft missile walls using the slow and steady crawl method by establishing fortifications of each domain and occupying it under the protection of its back-range. Other ranges extend to the middle of the distance between Cairo and the front of the canal, and the necessary field fortifications were established for 24 missile bases. Implementing a plan to deceive and absorb Israeli air strikes by creating structural sites. On the morning of June 30, 1970, Israeli warplanes that chanted Egyptian missiles that inflicted heavy losses on the Israeli Air Force were surprised, so that the rocket wall became a reality, and Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir stated, In exchange for those great losses that occurred, Israel sought a ceasefire, but in the few hours leading up to the implementation of the ceasefire on August 8, 1970, the Air Defense Forces managed to complete the missile wall on its final image.

October War
Main article: Yom Kippur War

After the defeat of Six day war, Egypt established the Air Defense Forces and managed to form a huge AA Belt of one division making tens of SAM battalions (Six missiles each) on the west bank of the Suez Canal. The plan was to annihilated the predicted Israeli Air Force Counterattack on the Egyptian forces during Operation Badr using ambush tactics, where between 6 to 8th of October only, around 50 IAF aircraft were shot down. By October 8th IAF warned all their pilots not to fly over Port Said due to the massive ambushes there. By the end of the war, it was estimated that EADF shot down around 326 IAF aircraft and captured 22 pilots.

After the October war
An Egyptian Crotale P4R low-altitude surface-to-air missile system is positioned in the desert during Gulf War.

In 1970 the Egyptian Air Defense Force consisted of 4 divisions:

  • 5th Air Defense Division placed in Cairo. Sami Hafez Anan reportedly commanded this division in 1996–98.
  • 8th Air Defense Division placed in Abu Suwayr. Division "crawled forward" in mid 1972 or 1973 to establish AA belt on banks of the Canal. (See Dani Asher, The Egyptian Strategy for the Yom Kippur War, 32)
  • 10th Air Defense Division placed in Alexandria.
  • 12th Air Defense Division placed in Aswan.[7]

The current structure of the EADF:

    • 5th Air Defense Division
    • 8th Air Defense Division
    • 10th Air Defense Division
    • 12th Air Defense Division
    • 15th Air Defense Division


    • Independent 103rd Air Defense Brigade
    • Independent 104th Air Defense Brigade

In 1989 a large share of the Egyptian Air Defense Force's equipment was imported from the Soviet Union.[8] As of 1989, the most modern weapons in the air defense system were the 108 medium altitude I-Hawk SAMs acquired from the United States beginning in 1982.[8] These weapons were supplemented by 400 older Soviet-made S-75 Dvina (SA-2) SAMs with a slant range of forty to fifty kilometers and about 240 SA-3s, which provided shorter-range defense against low-flying targets. A British firm helped the ADF modernize the SA-2s. In addition, Egypt was producing its own SAM, the Tayir as Sabah,[8] based on the design of the SA-2. The ADF had mounted sixty Soviet 2K12 Kub SAMs on tracked vehicles as tactical launchers. Sixteen tracked vehicles provided mobile launching platforms for its fifty French-manufactured Crotale SAM launchers. Egypt was also introducing its own composite gun-missile-radar system known as Amoun (Skyguard), integrating radar-guided twin 23mm guns with Sparrow and Egyptian Ayn as Saqr SAMs.

Weaponry

It is undergoing extensive modernization with budgetary constraints being the only hindrance. Currently, it is believed to possess the following weaponry:

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Regional/strategic perimeter-level SAM
  • Modernized MIM-23 HAWK "Improved HAWK" missile: 18 batteries (6 SP units per battery, 3 missiles per unit plus 2 reloads each) (medium/high-altitude, medium-range SAM)
  • 9K37 Buk-M1 missile: 10 batteries purchased in 2005. Each battery is equipped with 4 SP TEL units with 4 missiles each, with 1 reload as reserve.
  • 9M317 Buk-M2 missile: Purchased in 2013. [in service with unspecified number, probably 4-5 batteries]. Each battery is equipped with 4 SP TEL units with 4 missiles each, with 1 reload as reserve.
  • Modernized SA-3 2M Pechora missile: 43 Batteries (each with 2 stationary units, 4 missiles per stationary unit plus 1 reload each) (low/medium-altitude, medium-range SAM)
  • Indigenous Tayer el-sabah (Morning Bird) (reverse-engineered and modernized SA-2 Guideline S-75 Dvina missile: 40 batteries (6 single units per Battery, 2 reloads each) (medium/high-altitude, long-range SAM)

Army corps and division-level SAM
  • 9K331 Tor-M1 missile : 16 firing units
  • 9K332 Tor-M2 :Purchased in 2013 [in service with unspecified numbers]
  • Modernized SA-3 2M Pechora missile: 10 Batteries (6 SP units per Battery, 2 missiles per S/P unit plus 1 reload per unit) (Low/Medium Altitude, Medium Range SAM)
  • Modernized SA-6 Gainful missile: 14 Batteries (6 SP units per Battery, 3 missiles per unit plus 1 reload each)(Low/Medium Altitude, Medium Range SAM)

Brigade- and battalion-level SAM
  • Skyguard "Amoun" anti-aircraft system AIM-7 Sparrow missile: 72 Units " 18 battalion (3 units each) + 4 batteries for training " (2 4-cell Sparrow missile launchers and 2 Oerlikon GDF-005 twin 35mm guns with one Skyguard Fire Control System per battery, 1 reload per launcher) (Original Italian system is equipped with Aspide missile system, substituted with AIM-7 Sparrow missiles with the Egyptian Air Defense).
  • Modernized Crotale NG missile: 16 Batteries (9 units per Battery, 4 Missiles per unit plus 2 reloads each)(SP Low/Medium Altitude, Short Range SAM)
  • MIM-72/M48 Chaparral low-altitude SAM AIM-9 "Sidewinder": 86 SP units (4 Missiles per unit plus 2 reloads each)(SP Low Altitude, Short Range SAM)
  • AN/TWQ-1 Avenger : 75 Batteries ( 4/8 ready-to-fire FIM-92 Stinger missiles + .50 caliber machine gun with an electronic trigger that can be fired from both the Remote Control Unit (RCU) located in the drivers cab, and from the handstation located in the Avenger turret )( provides mobile, short-range air defense protection for ground units against cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, low-flying fixed-wing aircraft, and helicopters )

By the end of 2008, With the Support of The United-States (through FMF and private contractors\firms) all missile, radar, observation posts, command and control systems are to be linked into a complex multi-level, national computerized early-warning air defense command (C3I4) via modified EC-130H Hercules (modified to AWACS-like specifications) transport aircraft, EW AWACS "Grumman" E-2C Hawkeye 2000, EW ECM Beechcraft 1900 ELINT, underground sheltered-reinforced fiber-optic network.

Commanders of the Egyptian Air Defense Command

Egyptian Air Defense equipment
Model Image Origin Type Variant Number Details
S-300 RussiaLong Range Air DefenseS-300VM (SA-23)4 Battalions[12]The S-300VM entered service in November 2014[13][14][15][16] and is stocked in Egypt. The one billion dollar regiment includes a command post, 4 battalions, additional elements and other contract clauses. The contract will be fully completed by the end of 2016, training of employees has already begun.[17] Russia is holding talks with Egypt on the delivery of additional Antey-2500 anti-ballistic missile systems.[18]
AA Range = 200 km, AA Ceiling = 30 km, Speed = Mach 5, ABM Range = 40 km.[19]
MIM-104 Patriot United StatesLong Range Air DefenseMIM-104-F/PAC-34 batteriesIn 1999, Egypt acquired the first 32 missile systems from the United States for $1.3 billion.[20]
IRIS-T SL GermanyMedium Range Air DefenseIRIS-T SLM7 Systems[21]The German government approved the sale of 7 IRIS-T SLM tactical medium range air defense systems to Egypt in September 2018.
AA Range = 35 km, AA Ceiling = 20 km, Speed = Mach 3, ABM = none
Volga Soviet Union Medium Range Air DefenseTayer el-Sabah
SA-2		100[22]100 units were delivered by USSR from 1970 to 1972 for use in the Yom Kippur War. The Egyptian like the performance and purchased the production rights from USSR
AA Range = 45 km, AA Ceiling = 25 km, Speed = Mach 3.5, ABM = none
BukM1-2
M2 (SA-17)		The Buk-M2 was not previously known to be in Egyptian service until it was revealed in a video of an air defence exercise released on 2 November 2014 by the MoD.[23]
AA Range = 30 km, AA Ceiling = 14 km, Speed = Mach 3.0
MIM-23 Hawk United StatesPhase III62On 25 February 2014, Egypt ordered new 186 rocket motors to extend the live of their Hawk batteries.[24] Since there are 3 missiles per launch unit then one can deduce that Egypt plans to maintain 62 launcher systems.
AA Range = 50 km, AA Ceiling = 14 km, Speed = Mach 2.4
Pechora 2M Soviet Union2M (SA-3)70Originally Egypt received 200 units from USSR between 1970 and 1972[22] and they were used greatly during the Yom Kippur War. These units aged and some of them were upgraded to Pechora-2M version. As of December 2008, 70 Pechora-2M upgraded ramp-launched missiles had been ordered by Egypt.[25]
AA Range = 35 km, AA Ceiling = 18 km, Speed = Mach 3.1
KubSA-656[26]Purchased from the Soviet Union after the disastrous 6 Day War and was used to great effect in the Yom Kippur War virtually denying the entire air space of Egypt to Israel. The system was modernized and is still in service.
AA Range = 24 km, AA Ceiling = 14 km, Speed = Mach 2.8
TorShort Range Air DefenseM1
M2 (SA-15)		1616 units were purchased from Russia.[27] The Tor-M2 was not previously known to be in Egyptian service until it was revealed in a video of an air defence exercise released on 2 November 2014 by the MoD.[23]
AA Range = 12 km, AA Ceiling = 6 km, Speed = Mach 2.5
AN/TWQ-1 Avenger United States75Egypt originally ordered 50 units, but in 2006 it chose to order a further 25 units which all were delivered by September 2008.[28]
AA Range = 8 km, AA Ceiling = 8 km, Speed = Mach 2.2
Crotale FranceVT-136[29]Purchased from France in 1980.[30]
AA Range = 11 km, AA Ceiling = 6 km, Speed = 3.53
MIM-72 Chaparral United StatesMIM-72C[31]80[32]Purchased from U.S. stock in 1987[30]
AA Range = 9 km, AA Ceiling = 4 km, Speed = Mach 1.5
Strela-1 Soviet UnionSA-920[29]x
AA Range = 4.2 km, AA Ceiling = 3.5 km, Speed = Mach 1.8
M113 AA United StatesSPAAGNile 23
Sinai 23
M163 VADS		Upgraded version of the ZU-23-2 twin 23 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft guns radar guided (148) with Sakr Eye SAM 2X2 on M113, Upgraded version of the ZU-23-2 twin 23 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft guns radar guided with Stinger SAM (3X2) (72) on M113, 108
Shilka Soviet Union350 in 1995.[33] 330 were delivered from USSR, also a new contract was signed with Russia in 2005.[34]
ZSU-57-2 Soviet Union40100 ordered in 1960 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1961 and 1962,[35] with 40 remaining in storage today.[36]
M53/59 Praga Czechoslovakia
Oerlikon GDF  SwitzerlandTowed AA (35 mm)Amoun7272 Amoun units used with Skyguard and Sparrow SAM
M167 VADS United StatesTowed AA (20 mm)72
ZPU Soviet UnionTowed AA (14.5 mm)200
ZU-23-2 Soviet UnionTowed AA (23 mm)280280 as Nile 23 and Sinai 23, and 650 upgraded with radar guidance
61-K Soviet UnionTowed AA (37 mm)200700
S-60 Soviet UnionTowed AA (57 mm)200600
52-K Soviet UnionTowed AA (85 mm)400
KS-19 Soviet UnionTowed AA (100 mm)200
KS-30 Soviet UnionTowed AA (130 mm)[37]120

Future of air defense
System Image Origin Number Comment
Air defence
S-400 Triumf RussiaN/AEgypt has expressed its interest in buying S-400 systems.[38]

Egyptian Air Defense Radars

| Fan Song | PRV-11 | P-12 radar | Straight Flush | P-19 radar | P-30 radar | P-40 radar | SNR-125 | P-15 radar | Skyguard | Fire Dome | Snow Drift | Scrum Half | engagement | post 3m | P-15 radar | EADS 3D TRS | AN/SPS-49 | AN/SPS-40 | AN/SPS-67 | ESR-32A | JYL-1 Radar | Selex RAT-31DL | Polyana-D4 | AN/MPQ-50 | AN/MPQ-62 | AN/SPS-48 | AN/MPQ-46 | AN/TPS-59 | AN/MPQ-64 | AN/MPQ-53 | AN/MPQ-65 | AN/VRC-92 | flat box | 1RL33 | RA-20S | P-11 radar | P-14 radar | P-18 radar | P-35 radar | P-40 radar | TIGER | TRS-2100 Tiger | Lion System | JY-9 Radar | YLC-6 Radar | JLP-40 Radar | JLG-43 Radar | AN/TPS-43 | AN/TPS-63 | Protivnik-GE | Commander SL | Rezonans NE3[39]

Beret
Beret
Officer Brigadier General General

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