Congregation of Christian Brothers

The Congregation of Christian Brothers (officially, in Latin: Congregatio Fratrum Christianorum; members of the order use the post-nominal "CFC") is a worldwide religious community within the Catholic Church, founded by Edmund Rice (later beatified).[1]:24–25 Their first school was opened in Waterford, Ireland, in 1802.[1]:16–18 At the time of its foundation, though much relieved from the harshest of the Penal Laws by the Irish Parliament's Relief Acts, much discrimination against Catholics remained throughout the newly created United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland pending full Catholic Emancipation in 1829.

Congregation of Christian Brothers
Edmund Rice Christian Brothers
AbbreviationC.F.C.
MottoFacere et docere
(to do and to teach)
Formation1802 (1802)
FounderBlessed Br. Edmund Ignatius Rice C.F.C.
TypeLay Religious Congregation of Pontifical Right (for Men)
HeadquartersVia Marcantonio Colonna 9, 00192 Roma, Italy
Membership
926 members (2017)
Br. Hugh James O’Neill, C.F.C.

This congregation is sometimes confused with the De La Salle Brothers – also known as the Christian Brothers, Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools and Lasallians – founded in France by Jean-Baptiste de la Salle (later canonised). Rice's congregation is sometimes called the Irish Christian Brothers or the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers to differentiate the two teaching orders.

Since the Second Vatican Council, the reputation of the congregation has been marred by widespread sexual abuse cases.

History

Formation of the Christian brothers
Edmund Rice

At the turn of the nineteenth century, Waterford merchant Edmund Rice considered travelling to Rome to join a religious institute, possibly the Augustinians. Instead, with the support of The Most Rev. Dr Thomas Hussey, Lord Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, he decided to found a religious community dedicated to teaching disadvantaged youth.[2]

The first school, on Waterford's New Street, was a converted stable and opened in 1802, with a second school opening in Stephen Street soon after to cater for increasing enrollment. Two men from his hometown of Callan, Thomas Grosvenor and Patrick Finn, soon arrived to aid Rice in his makeshift schools, with the intention of living the life of lay brothers. In the same year, Rice used proceeds from the sale of his victualling business to begin building a community house and school on land provided by the diocese. Bishop Hussey opened the new complex, christened “Mount Sion” on June 7, 1803, and pupils were transferred to the new school building the following year.[3] The reputation of the school spread and across the next few years several men sought to become “Michaels”.

On 15 August 1808 seven men, including Edmund Rice, took religious promises under Bishop John Power of Waterford. Following the example of Nano Nagle's Presentation Sisters, they were called "Presentation Brothers".[4] This was one of the first congregations of men to be founded in Ireland and one of the few founded in the Church by a layman.

Houses were soon opened in Carrick-on-Suir, Dungarvan, and in 1811, in Cork. In 1812 the Archbishop of Dublin established a community in the nation's capital and by 1907 there were ten communities in Dublin, with pupils in excess of 6,000. The schools included primary, secondary and technical schools, along with orphanages and a school for the deaf. A community was founded in Limerick in 1816, followed by establishments in several of Ireland's principal towns.

The Holy See formally established the congregation in 1820. This, too, was an unusual event, since the Christian Brothers were the first Irish congregation of men approved by a charter from Rome.

Some brothers in Cork chose to remain under the original Presentation rule and continued to be known as Presentation Brothers, a separate congregation but also recognising Edmund Rice as its Founder.

Expansion
See also: List of Christian Brothers schools

The congregation of Irish Christian Brothers spread to Liverpool and other parts of England. These new ventures were not always immediately successful. Two brothers had been sent to Gibraltar to establish an institute in 1835. However, despite initial successes they left in August 1837 on account of disagreements with the local priests.[5] In 1878 the Brothers returned to the then Crown colony of Gibraltar. The school eventually flourished supplying education to the twentieth century. The "Line Wall College" was noted in 1930 for the education that it supplied to "well to do" children.[6]

Similarly, a mission to Sydney, Australia, in 1842 failed within a couple of years.[7] Brother Ambrose Treacy established a presence in Melbourne, Australia, in 1868, in 1875 in Brisbane, Australia, and in 1876 a school was commenced in Dunedin, New Zealand. In 1875 a school was opened in St. John’s, Newfoundland. In 1886 the Pope requested that they consider setting up in India, and a province of the congregation was established there.

In 1900 came the invitation to establish houses in Rome, and in 1906 schools were established in New York City.[2] In 1940 Iona College was founded in New York, as a Higher Education College,[8] facilitating poorer high school graduates to progress to a College education.

In 1925 the brother's bought St. Helen's, Booterstown which became their administrative headquarters and novitiate. Around 1968 land to the south was used to build two new schools Coláiste Eoin and Coláiste Íosagáin. St. Helen's was sold in 1988.

In 1955 Stella Maris College in Uruguay was established. In 1972 the alumnus rugby team was travelling in Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 when it crashed in the Andes, stranding survivors in freezing conditions with little food and no heat for 72 days; 16 of the 45 people on the aircraft survived.

In 1967, the Christian Brothers had a membership of about 5,000, teaching in around 600 schools.[9]

The Christian Brothers teacher training centre has become the Marino Institute for Education which has trained lay teachers since 1972 and has offered degrees validated by the University of Dublin since 1974. In 2012 Trinity College Dublin became a co-trustee with the Brothers of the Institute.[10]

The Brothers' schools include primary, secondary and technical schools, orphanages and schools for the deaf. A number of these technical schools originally taught poor children trades such as carpentry and building skills for which they could progress to gain apprenticeships and employment. As the National School system and vocational schools developed in the Irish Republic, the Irish Christian Brothers became more concentrated on secondary education.

Contraction

As of 2013, the Christian Brothers were living in 280 houses.[11]

In 2008 it was reported that not more than ten Christian Brothers were teaching in Irish schools, with the expectation that there would soon be none. This was contrasted with the mid-1960s, when over 1,000 Brothers worked in schools, with no shortage of new recruits.[12]

Organizational structure of the Christian Brothers
Traditional crest of the Christian Brothers, incorporating the Latin motto Facere et docere ("To Do and To Teach"). Many schools run by the Brothers feature the cross in their school logo.

Geographically, the Christian Brothers are divided into several provinces that encompass every inhabited continent. The brothers within each province work under the direction of a Province Leadership Team. In turn, the entire Congregation operates under the leadership of a Congregation Leadership Team that is based in Rome (and led by the Congregation Leader). These provincial and congregational teams are elected on a six-year basis at Congregation chapters.

Restructuring has taken place in the congregation to account for the changing needs, in particular the declining number of brothers in the developed world. The three provinces of North America (Canada, Eastern American, and Western American Province) restructured into the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers North America on 1 July 2005.[13] The provinces that cover Ireland, England and the Congregational Leadership Team in Rome combined into a single European province on May 5, 2007,[14] while the five provinces covering Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea combined into one Oceania province on October 1, 2007,[15] The English Province is a registered charity.[16] The Dublin Headquarters are in the grounds of Marino Institute of Education, Claremont, Griffith Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.

A special community within this new European province will be based in Geneva, Switzerland, working to establish an NGO known as Edmund Rice International. The purpose of such an organisation is to gain what is known as a "general consultative status" with the United Nations. "This position allows groups the opportunity to challenge systemic injustice and to engage in advocacy work with policy makers on behalf of people who are made poor." As well as including Christian Brothers from provinces all over the world, members of the Presentation Brothers will also have a presence within this community.[17]

Edmund Rice Development is a faith-based non-governmental organisation with charity status in Ireland. Based in Dublin, Edmund Rice Development was established in 2009, to formalise the fundraising efforts of the developing world projects for the Christian Brothers globally and received its charitable status in 2009. Funding raised by the charity is directed mainly to nine countries in Africa, where The Christian Brothers work on mission in development: Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Additional funds are also raised for similar work in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay) and India.

List of Superiors General

The following is a list of the Superiors General of the Congregation of Christian Brothers.[11][18] In recent times, "Congregational Leader" has been the title used.

  1. Blessed Br. Edmund Ignatius Rice (1820 – 1838)
  2. Br. Michael Paul Riordan, F.S.C.H. (1838 – 1862)
  3. Br. James Aloysius Hoare, F.S.C.H. (1862 – 1880)
  4. Br. Richard Anthony Maxwell, F.S.C.H. (1880 - 1900)[19]
  5. Br. Michael Titus Moylan, F.S.C.H. (1900 - 1905)[20]
  6. Br. Calasanctius Whitty, F.S.C.H.(1905 - 1920)
  7. Br. Jerome Hennessy F.S.C.H. (1920 - 1930)
  8. Br. Joseph Pius Noonan, F.S.C.H. (1930 - 1950)
  9. Br. Edward Ferdinand Clancy F.S.C.H. (1950 - 1966)[21]
  10. Br. Arthur Austin Loftus (1966 - 1972)
  11. Br. Justin Linus Kelty, C.F.C. (1972 – 1978)
  12. Br. Gerald Gabriel McHugh, C.F.C. (1978 – 1990)
  13. Br. Jerome Colm Keating, C.F.C. (1990 – 1997)
  14. Br. Edmund Michael Garvey, C.F.C. (1997 – 2002)
  15. Br. Philip Pinto, C.F.C. (2002 – 2014)
  16. Br. Hugh O'Neill, CFC (2014 – present)

Irish nationalism
CBS Templemore, Co. Tipperary
April 2010

The Irish Christian Brothers were strong supporters of Irish nationalism, the Irish language revival and Irish sports. In most of their schools in Ireland Gaelic football and hurling were encouraged as opposed to foreign sports and there were even examples of boys being punished for playing soccer. Conor Cruise O'Brien called them "the most indefatigable and explicit carriers" of the Catholic nation idea.[22]

Sexual abuse of children

In the late 20th and early 21st century many cases were exposed of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of children in the Christian Brothers' care over a number of decades. Cases emerged in Ireland, Canada, the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom.

Australia

The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse documented Christian Brothers activities in Australia and in particular in Ballarat. 22% of Christian Brothers across Australia have been alleged sexual predators since 1950, according to the royal commission. The commissioners concluded that the Christian Brothers "completely failed... to protect the most vulnerable children in their care" and that senior brothers–including Brother Paul Nangle, Ballarat's highest Brother in the 1970s–had deliberately misled police in more recent statements about their knowledge of abuse.[23]

There were allegations that during the 1970s sexual abuses took place at the junior campus of St Patrick's College and St Alipius Primary School in Ballarat, Victoria. After investigation, Brothers Robert Best, Edward Dowlan and Stephen Francis Farrell were all convicted of sex crimes. Dowlan and Best were later transferred to the senior campus, and continued to offend.[24] "Four of the school's brothers and their chaplain, Gerald Ridsdale, were accused of sexually assaulting children — all but one, who died before charges could be laid, have been convicted."[25][26]

In December 2014, a royal commission found that "Christian Brothers leaders knew of allegations of sexual abuse of children at four Western Australian orphanages and failed to manage the homes to prevent the systemic ill-treatment for decades."[27] During the 2016 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse in Ballarat, it was found that 853 children, average age 13, had been sexually abused by one or more Christian Brothers.[28] Child abuse complaints had been made against 281 Christian Brothers, and the Congregation had paid A$37.3 million in compensation.[29]

The Royal Commissions final report of Catholic Church authorities in Ballarat was released on 6 December.[30] The report found that 56 Christian Brothers had claims of sexual abuse made against them in Ballarat and that there “was a complete failure by the Christian Brothers to protect the most vulnerable children in their care”.[31]

The response to complaints of sexual abuse was "grossly inadequate": most often Christian Brothers were moved to a new location after an allegation had been made.[32]

The Report found: "Often, the Christian Brother in question was allowed to remain in the position he held where the allegations arose, with continuing access to children," and "On many occasions, the Brother was moved to a new location after a complaint or allegation was made about his conduct. In some cases, the reason given for the move was to conceal the true reason for it and to protect the reputation of the Christian Brothers and avoid scandal and embarrassment."[33][34]

In February 2020, Rex Francis Elmer pleaded guilty to two charges of indecently assaulting boys at St Vincent’s Boys’ Orphanage in South Melbourne. He was removed from St Vincent’s in 1976 after a welfare officer who inspected the orphanage complained that he had “interfered with” boys who lived at the home. He was appointed headmaster of a Melbourne Catholic boys school a few years after the religious order became aware of his abuse.[35]

Ireland and the UK

England

In December 2012, the Christian Brothers school St Ambrose College, Altrincham, Greater Manchester, was implicated in a child sex abuse case. A former lay teacher was convicted of nineteen counts of sexual assault occurring between 1972 and 1991.[36]

Ireland

The Congregation of the Christian Brothers published full-page advertisements in newspapers in Ireland in March 1998, apologizing to former pupils who had been ill-treated whilst in their care. This advertising campaign expressed "deep regret" on behalf of the Christian Brothers and listed telephone lines which former pupils could ring if they needed help.[37] In 2003 the Congregation brought a case against the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse seeking to prevent the Commission from naming brothers accused of child abuse. Justice Seán Ryan declared that individual alleged perpetrators of abuse would not be named unless they had already been convicted [38]

In May 2009 a report was issued by an independent government commission on child abuse committed on thousands of children in residential care institutions run by various religious institutes for the Irish state.[39] This report found that sexual abuse of boys in institutions run by the Brothers was common. In response, the Irish ecclesiastical province issued a pledge to pay 161 million euros toward a fund set up to compensate male and female victims of such abuse in both their institutions and those run by other religious institutes. As of 2013 the Christian Brothers in Ireland continued to seek out-of-court settlement for historical claims initiated by survivors of sexual assault by Brothers committed in day schools managed by the order in Ireland. Towards Healing was set up by CORI to offer therapy to survivors of clerical abuse; it is a Catholic organisation about whose independence there has been controversy. The Christian brothers in Ireland used the services of the L&P group[40] to set up an education trust.

In late November 2009 the organization announced they would supply a €161 million (£145 million sterling) package as part of reparations for child abuse in Ireland.[41] This includes a donation of €30 million to a government trust and €4 million donated to provide counselling services.[42] Playing fields owned by the organisation and valued at €127 million would be transferred to joint ownership of the government and the trust that runs former Christian Brothers schools.[41]

In 2019 former Brother John Gibson was convicted and sentenced to serve time in prison for his role in abuse in Wexford CBS in the 1980s & 90s. On June 22nd 2020 he received an additional four years after pleading guilty to a number of assault and sexual assault charges.

Scotland

In 2016 Fr. John Farrell, Retired priest of the Diocese of Motherwell, the last Head teacher at St Ninian's Falkland, Fife, was sentenced to five years imprisonment. His colleague Paul Kelly, a retired teacher from Portsmouth, was given ten years, both were convicted of the physical and sexual abuse of boys between the years 1979 and 1983. More than 100 charges involving 35 boys were made. The school closed in 1983.[43]

Canada

In 1987 men came forward to say that when they were being raised in Mount Cashel Orphanage in St. John's Newfoundland, from the 1950s until the 1970s, they had suffered physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and that when the Archdiocese became aware of the abuse, it removed brothers who were guilty of these acts, but took no other immediate action. Both the St. John's Archdiocese through the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops as well as the Congregation of Christian Brothers have since enacted policies aimed at the prevention of child sexual abuse.[44][45]

United States

Christian Brother Robert Brouillette, who had taught at St. Laurence High School, was arrested in April 1998 in Joliet, Illinois, for indecent solicitation of a child.[46] He was convicted in March 2000 of 10 charges related to child pornography.[47] In 2002 a civil lawsuit was filed in Cook County, Illinois, against Brouillette for sexual assault against a 21-year-old man.[48]

In 2013 the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers North American Province, known as Irish Christian Brothers, paid US$16.5 million to 400 victims of child sexual abuse across the US, and agreed to enforce a zero-tolerance policy for brothers accused of abuse. This followed the Brothers filing for bankruptcy in April 2011 following rising legal costs, leading to a reorganization settlement between creditors and the order according to the US Chapter 11 bankruptcy code.[49]

Publications

The Christian brothers composed and published a number of text books on several subjects, many in the Irish language, which were used by their schools.

Textbooks
  • Irish History Reader, Christian Brothers, M. H. Gill & Son, Dublin, 1905.
  • Graiméar na Gaeidhilge, Na Bráithre Críostaí, M. H. Gill, Dublin, 1901.
  • Matamaitic na hArdteistiméireachta Na Bráithre Críostaí, 1967.
  • Leaving Certificate Chemistry, Christian Brothers Congregation, Folens, Dublin, 1970?.[50]
  • Leaving Certificate Physics [translated from the Irish], Christian Brothers Congregation, Folens, Dublin, 1973.
  • New Irish Grammer, Christian Brothers, published by C. J. Fallon, Dublin, 1990.
  • AIDS to Irish Composition by Christian Brothers (Br. Jerome Fitzpatrick), 1902.
  • Second Book of Modern Geography, The Christian Brothers, M. H. Gill & Son, Dublin, 1904.
  • Cóir ṁúinte na Gaeḋilge, leis Na Bráiṫre Críostaí, M.H. mac an Goill, Baile áṫa cliaṫ, 1910.

Our Boys

Our Boys was a magazine for boys by Christian Brothers and the Educational Company of Ireland, published from September 1914 until the 1990s. It was based on British Boys Own adventure comics, with illustrated strips and adventure stories in English and Irish. It had an overt Catholic and Irish Nationalist outlook, featuring Irish Legends, GAA figures, the Missions and Catholic juvenile organisations. Illustrator Gerrit van Gelderen contributed to the magazine.[51]

Notable Christian Brothers

Former pupils
Main article: List of Christian Brothers school alumni

See also

References
  1. "The Life of Blessed Edmund Rice (1762–1844" (PDF). Christian Brothers Foundation, New York U.S.A. 2005.
  2. "Edmund Rice Christian Brothers North America Vocations - PRESENCE COMPASSION LIBERATION". www.cfcvocations.org. Archived from the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
  3. Normoyle, M.C. (1976). A Tree is Planted: The Life and Times of Edmund Rice. Congregation of Christian Brothers. pp. 45–50.
  4. Normoyle, M.C. (1976). A Tree is Planted: The Life and Times of Edmund Rice. Congregation of Christian Brothers. p. 71.
  5. Normoyle, M.C. (1976). A Tree is Planted: The Life and Times of Edmund Rice. Congregation of Christian Brothers. pp. 289–296.
  6. Gibraltar Directory for 1930, accessed 8 May 2013
  7. Normoyle, M.C. (1976). A Tree is Planted: The Life and Times of Edmund Rice. Congregation of Christian Brothers. pp. 405–406.
  8. About Iona College Iona College Website.
  9. "Scotus Academy". www.scotusacademy.net. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
  10. Trinity College Dublin Enters into a Co-Trusteeship of the Marino Institute of Education Archived June 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Communications Office TCD, January 30, 2012.
  11. "Christian Brothers, C.F.C." www.gcatholic.org. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  12. John Walshe (19 June 2008). "End of era for Christian Brothers". Independent.ie. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  13. Embracing a Common Future Archived 2007-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
  14. edmundrice.org.au - New European Province Archived 2007-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
  15. Shaping Our Future Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
  16. Charity Commission. Trust property held in connection with the English Province of the Congregation of Christian Brothers, registered charity no. 254312.
  17. "Presence, Compassion, Liberation" (PDF).
  18. "Brother Aloysius Hoare (1813 - 1902) - Find A Grave Photos". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  19. The Irish Catholic Directory and Almanac. J. Duffy and Company, Limited. 1900-01-01.
  20. The Irish Catholic Directory and Almanac. J. Duffy and Company, Limited. 1904-01-01.
  21. "RTE apologises to wife of Dingle Senator - Independent.ie". Independent.ie. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  22. Portrait of a Christian crusader - Reviewed by Dermot Bolger, Sunday Business Post, August 31, 2008.
  23. "Violent and sexually 'defective': A long history of abuse at the hands of the Christian Brothers". ABC News. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  24. Ellingsen, Peter. Ballarat's good men of the cloth. The Age Newspaper, June 14, 2002.
  25. "Catholic Church's 'failure' in Ballarat led to 'suffering, irreparable harm'". ABC News. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  26. "Ballarat Christian Brothers 'misled police' over abuse, royal commission lawyers say". ABC News. 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
  27. Banks, Amanda, Legal Affairs Editor. "Christian Brothers cop blast", The Weekend West, 20–21 December 2014, p.11
  28. Chris Johnston (22 February 2016). "Christian Brother 'gyrated' against me: Catholic sexual abuse victim". The Age, Victoria. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  29. "Christian Brothers 'abused 850 children'". Skynews.com. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  30. Gemma.Choy (2017-12-06). "Report into Catholic Church authorities in Ballarat released | Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse". Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  31. Deery, Shannon (December 6, 2017). "Royal Commission finds abuse of children a 'catastrophic institutional failure' of the Catholic Church". Herald Sun.
  32. Neil, Wrigley, Megan, Brendan (12 December 2017). "Royal Commission finds 'inexcusable failures' in Ballarat Catholic Church's treatment of abuse victims". The Age.
  33. Gemma.Choy (2017-12-06). "Report into Catholic Church authorities in Ballarat released | Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse". Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  34. Commonwealth of Australia (November 2017). "Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse's report into Case Study 28 – Catholic Church authorities in Ballarat" (PDF). p. 32.
  35. Known sex abuse priest was appointed headmaster of Catholic junior school
  36. "Deacon Alan Morris jailed for school sex abuse", BBC News, 28 August 2014
  37. "Catholic order apologises publicly for abuse". BBC News. 1998-03-30. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
  38. "New information about abuse is divulged". RTÉ News. 2004-06-16.
  39. Report of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (Ireland) Archived 2017-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, 2009. Chapter 6 of Volume 1 covers the Christian Brothers
  40. L&P (financial and management services) Official website. Accessed 15 October 2015
  41. Catholic order pays out for abuse, BBC News, 25 November 2009
  42. "Christian Brothers donate €34m in reparation". RTÉ News. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  43. "Former teachers guilty of abusing boys at Fife residential school". BBC News. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  44. "Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops".
  45. "Edmund Rice Christian Brothers North America". Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  46. "Christian Brother caught in Net sex sting". Chicago Sun Times. 1998-04-21. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
  47. "CATHOLIC BROTHER WHO LIVED IN JOLIET SENTENCED". =The Joliet Daily News. 14 March 2000. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  48. "Statement Regarding Judge's Ruling on Parole Violation of St. Louis Sex Offender". The Joliet Daily News. 2004-03-26. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
  49. Manya A. Brachear (23 May 2013). "Christian Brothers settle suit with 400 sex abuse victims". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  50. "Leaving certificate chemistry /by the Christian Brothers". National Collection of Children's Books. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  51. True Sons of Erin:Catholic/Nationalist Ideology and the Politics of Adventure in Our Boys 1914-32 by Michael Flannagan, PhD Thesis, DIT.
  52. Br. Jerome Fitzpatrick (1878-1910 Waterford County Council
  53. Brother Jerome Fitzpatrick by Barry Coldrey, The Old Limerick Journal, P. 28., www.limerickcity.ie
  54. "5 most damning films about Catholic child abuse". theweek.com. 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
  55. Zimmer, Erika. "Remembered horrors of a religious education - World Socialist Web Site". www.wsws.org. Retrieved 2016-04-27.

Further reading
  • Davies, K. (1994) When Innocence Trembles: The Christian Brothers Orphanage Tragedy. (Angus & Robertson: Sydney) ISBN 0-207-18419-4
  • Normoyle, M. C. A Tree is Planted: The Life and Times of Edmund Rice (Congregation of Christian Brothers: n.l., 1976)
  • Humphreys, Margaret. Empty Cradles. Corgi, 1996. ISBN 0-552-14164-X
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