Claire Denis

Claire Denis (French: [dəni]; born 21 April 1946)[1] is a French film director and writer. Her feature film Beau Travail (1999) has been called one of the greatest films of the 1990s.[2][3] Other acclaimed works include Trouble Every Day (2001), 35 Shots of Rum (2008), and White Material (2009).

Not to be confused with Clare Dennis or Claire Danes.

Claire Denis
Born (1946-04-21) 21 April 1946
Paris, France
Alma materIDHEC
OccupationDirector, writer, professor

Her work has dealt with themes of colonial and post-colonial West Africa, as well as issues in modern France, and continues to influence European cinematic identity.[4]

Early life

Denis was born in Paris, but raised in colonial French Africa, where her father was a civil servant, living in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, French Somaliland, and Senegal.[5] Her childhood spent living in West Africa with her parents and her younger sister would color her perspectives on certain political issues. It has been a strong influence on her films, which have dealt with themes of colonialism and post-colonialism in Africa.[6] Her father moved with the family every two years because he wanted the children to learn about geography.

Growing up in West Africa, Denis used to watch the old and damaged copies of war films sent from the United States. As an adolescent she loved to read. Completing the required material while in school, at night she would sneak her mother's detective stories to read.[7] When Denis was 14 years old, she moved with her mother and sister to a Parisian suburb in France, a country that she hardly knew at all.[8] Her parents wanted their children to finish their education in France.

Career

Denis initially studied economics, but, she has said, "It was completely suicidal. Everything pissed me off."[7] She studied at the IDHEC, the French film school, with the encouragement of her husband. He told her she needed to figure out what she wanted to do.[7] She graduated from the IDHEC and, since 2002, has been a Professor of Film at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland.[9]

Her feature film directorial debut Chocolat (1988), a semi-autobiographical meditation on African colonialism, won her critical acclaim. It was selected for the Cannes Film Festival and was praised by critics and audiences alike as a remarkable first film.

With films such as US Go Home (1994), Nénette et Boni (1996), Beau Travail (1999),[10] set in Africa; Trouble Every Day (2001), and Vendredi soir (2002), she established a reputation as a filmmaker who "has been able to reconcile the lyricism of French cinema with the impulse to capture the often harsh face of contemporary France."[10] She returned to Africa again with White Material (2009), set in an unidentified country during a time of civil war.

Denis is a highly collaborative filmmaker, saying in an interview that "the film becomes a relationship...and that is what's important, the relationship."[11] The importance of collaboration is seen throughout her body of work. She often recasts actors in multiple films most notably Alex Descas who has worked with Denis 11 times from 1990 to 2017 and Isaach de Bankolé who appeared in three of her films from 1988 to 2009. Vincent Gallo, Béatrice Dalle, Nicolas Duvauchelle, Juliette Binoche and Grégoire Colin have also appeared in multiple Denis films. She collaborates often with the screenwriter Jean-Pol Fargeau, composer Stuart Staples, and cinematographer Agnès Godard, whom she met in the 1970s at the Institut des hautes études cinématographiques.[11] When asked in an interview about her screen writing process, Denis said, "I often realize I have Isaach or Grégoire or someone else in mind" when writing scenes. She has also said that usually she "hold[s] no auditions" for casting in her films.[11]

Her collaboration goes beyond her own films, as she has appeared in other directors' films, such as Laetitia Masson's En avoir (1995) and Tonie Marshall's Vénus beauté (1999). She shares screenwriting credit with Yousry Nasrallah for his film El Medina (2000).[12] She also worked as an assistant director with Wim Wenders on Paris, Texas (1984) and Wings of Desire (1987), and with Jim Jarmusch on Down by Law (1986).

In 2005, she was a member of the jury at the 27th Moscow International Film Festival.[13] In 2011, she was a member of the jury at the Deauville American Film Festival.

Her 2013 film Bastards was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.[14] Also that year, she was awarded Stockholm Lifetime Achievement Award at the Stockholm Film Festival.

Denis announced in 2015 that she was partnering with Zadie Smith for her English-language debut film, High Life. Smith eventually left the project causing a delay in filming. Denis went on to work on Let the Sunshine In, which starred Juliette Binoche and was released in 2017.

In 2018 Denis completed and released High Life, her first English-language feature film, with Robert Pattinson cast as the lead.[15] The film premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival. It was later given a limited release in the U.S. by American indie distributors A24. It was positively received by many notable film critics.[16][17]

Artistry

The majority of Denis' oeuvre uses location work over studio work. She sometimes places her actors as if they were positioned for still photography. She uses longer takes with a stationary camera and frames things in long shot, resulting in fewer close ups. However, Denis' cinematic and topical focus always remains relentlessly on the faces and bodies of her protagonists. The subject's body in space, and how the particular terrain, weather, and color of the landscape influences and interacts with the human subjects of her films maintains cinematic dominance.

Tim Palmer explores Denis' work as a self-declared formalist and brilliant film stylist per se; an approach the filmmaker herself has declared many times in interview to be as much about sounds, textures, colors and compositions as broader thematic concerns or social commitments.[18]

According to the Australian James Phillips, when making her films, Denis rejects the marketable conventions of Hollywood cinema and frees the viewers of her films from the expectations of clichés.[19]

Denis combines history with personal history, giving her films an autobiographical element.[20] This superimposition of the personal with the historical allows her films to be described as auteur cinema.[21] She is known to work within a large range of genres, spanning from the themes of horror seen in Trouble Every Day (2001) to the romance and drama found in Friday Night (2002).[22] While critics have noted recurring themes within her films, Denis says that she has no coherent vision of her career "trajectory".[23]

Denis carefully chooses the titles of her films. Noëlle Rouxel-Cubberly argues that film titles are intended to force the viewer to rethink the imagery within a film and Denis cleverly uses titles to describe the raw reality found within her films. For example, the title of her film Chocolat (1988) simultaneously refers to the word as a racist term used during the period of the film, the cocoa exportation from Africa to Europe through a slave system, and the 1950s French expression "être chocolat", meaning "to be cheated."[24]

Additionally, Denis is recognized for her process of "shooting fast, editing slowly," which she has developed. In general, she does a few takes on the set and spends most of her time in the editing room, creating the film there. This post-production process often involves rearranging scenes out of the order in the script. For example, she placed the dance in Beau Travail (1999) at the end of the film, although it was not at the end of the script. In reference to this process, Denis has said, "I'm always insecure when I'm making a film. I have doubts about myself but rarely about the actors."[25]

Filmography

Feature films

Short films
  • Le 15 Mai (IDHEC film, based on Frederik Pohl's The Tunnel under the World) (1969)
  • Keep It for Yourself (1991)
  • Contre l'oubli / Against Oblivion (1991)
    • segment: Pour Ushari Ahmed Mahmoud, Soudan
  • À propos de Nice, la suite (1995)
    • segment: Nice, Very Nice
  • Ten Minutes Older: The Cello (2002)
    • segment: Vers Nancy / Towards Nancy
  • Venezia 70 - Future Reloaded (2013)
    • Segment: Claire Denis
  • Voilà l'enchaînement (2014)

Documentary films

Awards and nominations
Year Festival Award Film Result
1988 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Chocolat (1988) Nominated
1989 César Awards, France César for Best First Work Chocolat (1988) Nominated
1994 Torino International Festival of Young Cinema FIPRESCI Prize – Special Mention Tous les garçons et les filles de leur âge... (1993) Won
1996 Locarno International Film Festival Golden Leopard Nenette and Boni (1996) Won
1996 Locarno International Film Festival Prize of the Ecumenical Jury – Special Mention Nenette and Boni (1996) Won
1996 Namur International Festival of French-Speaking Film Golden Bayard for Best Artistic Contribution Nenette and Boni (1996) Won
1996 Namur International Festival of French-Speaking Film Golden Bayard for Best Film Nenette and Boni (1996) Nominated
1998 Independent Spirit Awards Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film Nenette and Boni (1996) Nominated
2000 Berlin International Film Festival Reader Jury of the "Berliner Zeitung" – Special Mention Beau Travail (1999) Won
2001 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards CFCA Award for Best Foreign Language Film Beau Travail (1999) Nominated
2001 Rotterdam International Film Festival KNF Award – Special Mention Beau Travail (1999) Won
2001 Namur International Festival of French-Speaking Film Golden Bayard for Best Film Trouble Every Day (2001) Nominated
2001 Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival Best Film Trouble Every Day (2001) Nominated
2004 Ghent International Film Festival Grand Prix The Intruder (2004) Nominated
2004 Venice Film Festival Golden Lion The Intruder (2004) Nominated
2009 Venice Film Festival Golden Lion White Material (2009) Nominated
2011 National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA NSFC Award for Best Foreign Language Film White Material (2009) 3rd place

References
  1. "Claire Denis". Les Gens du Cinéma (in French). 9 July 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014. This site uses Denis' birth certificate as its source of information.
  2. twhalliii (22 December 2009). "The Best Films Of The Decade (2000-2009) | #9 Beau Travail/ 35 Shots Of Rum". IndieWire. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  3. Sharf, Christian Blauvelt,Eric Kohn,Anne Thompson,Kate Erbland,David Ehrlich,Chris O'Falt,Jude Dry,Tom Brueggemann,Bill Desowitz,Tambay Obenson,Michael Nordine,Zack; Blauvelt, Christian; Kohn, Eric; Thompson, Anne; Erbland, Kate; Ehrlich, David; O'Falt, Chris; Dry, Jude; Brueggemann, Tom (26 February 2019). "The 100 All-Time Greatest Films Directed by Women". IndieWire. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  4. "Film Museum - Claire Denis".
  5. Hermione Eyre, "Claire Denis on filmmaking and feminism," Prospect, 21 June 2010,
  6. Beugnet, Martine (2004). Claire Denis, p. 8. Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York. ISBN 0-7190-6481-3.
  7. Ancian, Aimé (2002). "Claire Denis: An Interview". Senses of Cinema. Archived from the original on 18 October 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
  8. Beugnet (2004). Claire Denis, p. 14.
  9. "Claire Denis Faculty Page at European Graduate School (Biography, bibliography and video lectures)". European Graduate School. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  10. Taylor, Charles (31 March 2000). "Beau Travail". Salon.com. Retrieved 13 June 2006.
  11. Ratner (2010). "Moving Toward the Unknown Other"
  12. Mayne, Judith (2005). Claire Denis, p. 132. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. ISBN 0-252-02991-7.
  13. "27th Moscow International Film Festival (2005)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  14. "2013 Official Selection". Cannes. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  15. Bramesco, Charles (10 September 2018). "High Life review – orgasmic brilliance in deepest space with Robert Pattinson". The Guardian.
  16. Bradshaw, Peter (8 May 2019). "High Life review – Robert Pattinson heads for infinity and beyond | Peter Bradshaw's film of the week". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  17. Seitz, Matt Zoller. "High Life movie review & film summary (2019) | Roger Ebert". https://www.rogerebert.com/. Retrieved 14 August 2020. External link in |website= (help)
  18. Palmer, Tim (2011). Brutal Intimacy: Analyzing Contemporary French Cinema, Wesleyan University Press, Middleton CT. ISBN 0-8195-6827-9.
  19. Phillips, James (2008). Cinematic Thinking: Philosophical Approaches to the New Cinema, p. 3. Stanford University Press, Stanford. ISBN 978-0-8047-5800-0.
  20. Reis, Levilson (2013). "An 'other' scene, an 'other' point of view: France's colonial family romance, Protée's postcolonial fantasy, and Claire Denis' 'screen' memories." Studies in European Cinema, 10, 2–3, pp. 119–131, p. 122.
  21. Beugnet, Martine (2004). Claire Denis, Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York. ISBN 0-7190-6481-3.
  22. Beugnet, Martine (2004). Claire Denis, p. 2. Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York. ISBN 0-7190-6481-3.
  23. Beugnet (2004). Claire Denis, p. 2
  24. Block, Marcelline (2008). Situating the Feminist Gaze and Spectatorship in Postwar Cinema, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne. ISBN 978-1-84718-664-5.
  25. Ratner, Megan (Winter 2010). "Moving Toward the Unknown Other: An Interview with Claire Denis," Cineaste Magazine
  26. "ARTE France Cinéma coproduit les prochains films de Claire Denis, Ritesh Batra, Hiner Saleem et Xavier Dolan | ARTE PRO - Professionnels de l'audiovisuel".
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