Changhsingian

In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.902 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Wuchiapingian and followed by the Induan.[2]

System/
Period		 Series/
Epoch		 Stage/
Age		 Age (Ma)
Triassic Lower/
Early		 Induan younger
Permian Lopingian Changhsingian 251.902 254.14
Wuchiapingian 254.14 259.1
Guadalupian Capitanian 259.1 265.1
Wordian 265.1 268.8
Roadian 268.8 272.95
Cisuralian Kungurian 272.95 283.5
Artinskian 283.5 290.1
Sakmarian 290.1 295.0
Asselian 295.0 298.9
Carboniferous Pennsylvanian Gzhelian older
Subdivision of the Permian system
according to the ICS, as of 2017.[1]

The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred during this age. The extinction rate peaked about a million years before the end of this stage.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Changhsingian is named after Changxing (Chinese: 长兴; pinyin: Chángxìng; Wade–Giles: Ch’ang-hsing) in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone.[3] The name was first used for a stage in 1970[4][5] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.[6]

The base of the Changhsingian stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi. The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing.[6] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan stage and the Triassic system is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus.

The Changhsingian stage contains only one ammonite biozone: that of the genus Iranites.

Palaeontology

The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated.[7] The world after the extinction was almost lifeless, deserted, hot, and dry. Ammonites, fishes, insects, and the tetrapods (cynodonts, amphibians, reptiles, etc.) remained rare and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for 30 million years.[7]

Changhsingian Life

Actinopterygians
Actinopterygii of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Lopingian Italy A neopterygian
Bobasatrania
Ebenaqua
Lopingian to Middle Triassic Italy A bobasatraniid non-neopterygian
Lopingian Australia A bobasatraniid non-neopterygian
Lopingian China A saurichthyid non-neopterygian
  • Varialepis
 Permian Russia A palaeonisciform non-neopterygian with long pelvic fins

Coelacanths
Actinistia of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Lopingian China
Lopingian China

Lungfishes
Dipnoi of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Permian to Early Triassic Russia A gnathorhizid dipnoan
Gnathorhiza

†Temnospondyls
Temnospondyli of the Changhsingian
TaxaPresenceLocationDescriptionImages
Buena Vista Formation, Norte Basin, Uruguay A genus of temnospondyl amphibian. Arachana was a basal member of Stereospondyli that shared traits with more derived stereospondyl taxa like Lydekkerinidae and especially Rhinesuchidae. Its transitional features place it as part of an entire transitional fauna that existed around the Permo-Triassic boundary.
Intasuchus
Nigerpeton
Saharastega
Uranocentrodon
Inta Formation, Russia Intasuchus was a genus of temnospondyl amphibian, possibly an archegosauroid.
Moradi Formation, Niger A genus of edopoid temnospondyl within the family Cochleosauridae.
Moradi Formation, Niger A genus of basal temnospondyl.
Lopingian Normandien Formation, South Africa A rhinesuchid temnospondyl.

†Chroniosuchians
Chroniosuchia of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Lopingian to Early Triassic Russia, China A reptiliomorph
Bystrowiana
Chroniosuchus
Uralerpeton
Lopingian Russia A reptiliomorph
Lopingian Russia A reptiliomorph

†Seymouriamorphs
Seymouriamorpha of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Lopingian Russia A seymouriamorph reptiliomorph
Kotlassia

†Millerosaurs
Millerosauria of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Lopingian South Africa A parareptile
Milleretta
Millerosaurus
Lopingian South Africa A parareptile
Lopingian South Africa A parareptile

†Procolophonomorphs
Procolophonomorpha of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Lopingian Niger A pareiasaurid parareptile
Bunostegos
Elginia
Procolophon
Scutosaurus
Lopingian Scotland A pareiasaurid parareptile
Lopingian to Early Triassic South Africa An owenettid parareptile
Lopingian to Early Triassic South Africa, Brazil, Antarctica A procolophonid parareptile
Lopingian Russia A pareiasaurid parareptile

Diapsids
Diapsida of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Lopingian to Early Triassic Madagascar An aquatic claudiosaurid reptile
Claudiosaurus
Hovasaurus
Lopingian to Early Triassic Madagascar An aquatic tangasaurid younginiform reptile
Lopingian to Early Triassic Madagascar An aquatic younginid younginiform reptile
Lopingian Madagascar An aquatic tangasaurid younginiform reptile
Lopingian Madagascar An aquatic younginid younginiform reptile

Therapsids
Therapsida of the Changhsingian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Lopingian South Africa A biarmosuchian therapsid
Burnetia
Dicynodon
Geikia
Inostrancevia
Lystrosaurus
Vivaxosaurus
Lopingian South Africa A basal dicynodont therapsid
Lopingian South Africa A dicynodontid therapsid
Lopingian South Africa A dicynodontid therapsid
Lopingian South Africa A dicynodontid therapsid
Lopingian Scotland A dicynodontid therapsid
Lopingian Scotland A dicynodontid therapsid
Lopingian Russia A gorgonopsian therapsid
Lopingian to Early Triassic South Africa A dicynodontid therapsid
Lopingian Russia A dicynodontid therapsid

References
  1. "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
  2. Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
  3. Grabau, A.W.; 1923: Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower, Geological Survey of China, 529 pp.
  4. Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1970: Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan, in: Kummel, B. & Teichert, G. (eds.): Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan, Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication 4, pp 158–176.
  5. Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1973: Permian stages names, in: Logan, A. & Hills, L.V.: The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2, pp 522–548.
  6. Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S. & Cao, C.; 2006: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian) Episodes 29(3), p. 175-182, PDF.
  7. Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.

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