Carnivoramorpha

Carnivoramorpha are a clade of mammals that includes the modern order Carnivora.

Carnivoramorpha Temporal range: 66.043–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N early Paleocene - present
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Ferae
Clade:	Carnivoramorpha
Subgroups
[see classification]

Life reconstruction of Tapocyon robustus

Classification and phylogeny

Traditional classification

• Clade Carnivoramorpha (basal to Carnivora but without Creodonts)
  • Superfamily †Miacoidea
    • Family †Miacidae
      • genera: Chailicyon, Eosictis, Miacis, Miocyon, Oodectes, Palaearctonyx, Paramiacis, Paroodectes, Prodaphaenus, Quercygale, Tapocyon, Uintacyon, Vassacyon, Vulpavus, Xinyuictis
    • Family †Viverravidae
      • genera: Bryanictis, Didymictis, Ictidopappus, Palaeogale, Pappidictops, Pristinictis, Protictis, Raphictis, Simpsonictis, Viverravus
  • Order Carnivora
    • Suborder Caniformia (or Canoidea)
    • Suborder Feliformia (or Feloidea)

Revised classification

As phylogenetic studies indicate that the superfamily Miacoidea is paraphyletic, with miacids being more closely related to carnivorans than to viverravids, Flynn, Finarelli & Spaulding (2010) named a new clade within Carnivoramorpha, Carnivoraformes, containing carnivorans and miacids but not viverravids; the authors defined Carnivoraformes as the clade containing Carnivora and all taxa that are more closely related to Carnivora (represented by Canis lupus) than to Viverravus gracilis.

• Clade: Carnivoramorpha
  • Genus: †Ravenictis
  • Family: †Viverravidae
  • Clade: Carnivoraformes
    • Genus: †Ceruttia
    • Genus: †Dawsonicyon
    • Genus: †Miacis
    • Genus: †Prodaphaenus
    • Genus: †Walshius
    • (unranked): Neovulpavus clade
      • Genus: †Neovulpavus
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †"Miacis" medius
    • (unranked): Oodectes clade
      • Genus: †Eogale
      • Genus: †Gracilocyon
      • Genus: †Oodectes
      • Genus: †Paramiacis
      • Genus: †Paroodectes
    • (unranked): Uintacyon clade
      • Genus: †Miocyon
      • Genus: †Simamphicyon
      • Genus: †Uintacyon (including Xinyuictis)
      • Genus: †Zodiocyon
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †"Miacis" invictus
        • †"Miacis" lushiensis
        • †"Miacis" thailandicus
    • (unranked): Vulpavus clade
      • Genus: †Dormaalocyon
      • Genus: †Vassacyon
      • Genus: †Vulpavus (including Palaearctonyx)
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †"Miacis" deutschi
        • †"Miacis" exiguus
    • Incertae sedis:
      • †"Miacis" boqinghensis
      • †"Miacis" hookwayi
      • †"Miacis" latidens
      • †"Miacis" petilus
      • †"Miacis" vulpinus
    • Order: Carnivora
      • Suborder: Caniformia ("dog-like" carnivorans)
      • Suborder: Feliformia ("cat-like" carnivorans)

Phylogenetic tree

The phylogenetic relationships of Carnivoramorpha are shown in the following cladogram:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Ferae

Pholidotamorpha       †Oxyaenodonta      †Hyaenodonta    †Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)       †Altacreodus     †Tinerhodon      sensu lato   Carnivoramorpha     †Viverravoidea  †Viverravidae    ?  †carnivoramorph sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)    ?  †Ravenictis      ?  †carnivoramorph sp. (UALVP 31176)    ?  †carnivoramorph sp. (WW-84: USNM 538395)    Carnivoraformes      †Neovulpavus    ?  †carnivoraform undet. Genus A (UCMP 110072) Neovulpavus clade     †"Miacis" medius      ?  †carnivoraform undet. Genus B (SDSNH 56335)               †Dormaalocyon     †"Miacis" exiguus         †Vassacyon     †Vulpavus         †"Miacis" deutschi   Vulpavus clade         †Miocyon     †Simamphicyon       †Zodiocyon       †Uintacyon    ?  †"Miacis" lushiensis    ?  †"Miacis" thailandicus    ?  †"Miacis" invictus     Uintacyon clade     †Miacis     †carnivoraform sp. (PM 3868)     †Dawsonicyon     †"Miacis" petilus     †"Miacis" latidens    ?  †"Miacis" boqinghensis    ?  †"Miacis" hookwayi    ?  †"Miacis" vulpinus       †Paroodectes     †Paramiacis     †Eogale       †Gracilocyon     †Oodectes     Oodectes clade      ?  †Ceruttia       †Prodaphaenus    ?  †Walshius    Carnivora   Feliformia        Aeluroidea     †Nimravidae      ?  †Eosictis    ?  †Chailicyon    †Palaeogalidae    †Palaeogale     †Cryptailurus      †Quercygalidae    †Messelogale     †Quercygale         †Tapocyon      Caniformia    †Harpalodon       †Procynodictis       †Amphicyonoidea       †Lycophocyon     Canoidea            sensu stricto         (Carnivora sensu lato)

References

1. Bryant, H.N., and M. Wolson (2004) “Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Carnivoran Mammals.” First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting. Paris, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle
2. John J. Flynn; John A. Finarelli; Michelle Spaulding (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". In Anjali Goswami; Anthony Friscia (eds.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 9781139193436.
3. Michelle Spaulding; John J. Flynn; Richard K. Stucky (2010). "A new basal Carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the 'Bridger B' (Black's Fork member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian Nalma, middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA". Palaeontology. 53 (4): 815–832. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00963.x.
4. Susumu Tomiya (2011). "A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans". PLOS One. 6 (9): e24146. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146. PMC 3173397. PMID 21935380.
5. Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634.
6. Wang, Jian; Zhang, Zhaoqun (2015). "Phylogenetic analysis on Palaeogale (Palaeogalidae, Carnivora) based on specimens from Oligocene strata of Saint-Jacques, Nei Mongol". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 53 (4): 310–334.
7. Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634.
8. Tomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016). "Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160518. Bibcode:2016RSOS....3p0518T. doi:10.1098/rsos.160518. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5098994. PMID 27853569.
9. Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017). "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
10. Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"

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• Archibold, J.D., and K.D. Rose. (2005). “Womb with a View: the Rise of Placentals.”
• Benton, Michael J. and Philip C.J. Donoghue. (2007). “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Dating the Tree of Life 31.
• Bryant, H.N., and M. Wolson (2004) “Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Carnivoran Mammals.” First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting. Paris, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, July 6–9, 2004.
• Flynn, John J. and Gina D. Wesley-Hunt. 2005. "Phylogeny of the Carnivora: Basal Relationships Among the Carnivoramorphans, and Assessment of the Position of 'Miacoidea' Relative to Carnivora." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 3: 1-28. Abstract:
• Haaramo, Mikko. (2005). “Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Carnivoramorpha - Carnivores and relatives.” Retrieved February 17, 2007, from:
• Stiles, David P. (2005). “An investigation of the Vulpes and Urocyon phylogenetic classification: Feliformia or Caniformia?” Fox Phylogeny. Vertebrate Evolution – Fall 2005, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA.
• Wesley-Hunt, Gina D. (2006). “The Morphological Diversification of Carnivores in North America.” Paleobiology. Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 35–55.
• Wyss, A. R. & Flynn, J. J. (1993). “A Phylogenetic Analysis and Definition of the Carnivora.” in Mammal Phylogeny – Placentals, Szalay, F.S., M.J. Novacek and M.C. McKenna (eds.). ISBN 0-387-97853-4.
• John J. Flynn; John A. Finarelli; Michelle Spaulding (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". In Anjali Goswami; Anthony Friscia (eds.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 9781139193436.